Certain factors place us at risk for the development of cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors? Select all that apply.
Cholesterol level.
Blood pressure.
Family history.
Weight.
Smoking.
Correct Answer : A,B,D,E
These are all modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, meaning they can be changed through lifestyle choices or medication. Cholesterol level, blood pressure, weight, and smoking all affect the health of the heart and blood vessels, and can increase the risk of developing conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack, or stroke.
Choice C, family history, is not a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
It is a non-modifiable risk factor, meaning it cannot be changed and is determined by genetics.
Having a family history of cardiovascular disease can increase the risk of developing it, but it does not mean that it is inevitable. Other non-modifiable risk factors include sex, older age, race and ethnicity.
Some normal ranges for the modifiable risk factors are:
• Cholesterol level: total cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol should be less than 100 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol should be more than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women; triglycerides should be less than 150 mg/dL.
• Blood pressure: normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg; elevated blood pressure is 120-129/less than 80 mmHg; hypertension stage 1 is 130-139/80-89 mmHg; hypertension stage 2 is 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg.
• Weight: body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight relative to height; normal BMI is 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; overweight BMI is 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese BMI is 30 or higher kg/m2.
• Smoking: smoking any amount of tobacco products can harm the cardiovascular system; quitting smoking can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and improve overall health.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
ACE inhibitors are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They work by blocking the production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases blood pressure.By preventing this hormone from acting, ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough, which occurs in 12–19% of people who take them. The cough is caused by the accumulation of a substance called bradykinin, which is normally broken down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin levels increase and cause irritation and inflammation in the airways.
Choice A is wrong because decreased white blood cells are not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a condition called neutropenia, which is a low level of a type of white blood cell called neutrophils.This can increase the risk of infections and may require stopping the medication.
Choice B is wrong because swelling of the face and lips is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a rare but serious allergic reaction called angioedema, which is a swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucous membranes.
This can affect the face, lips, tongue, throat, or other parts of the body and can cause difficulty breathing or swallowing.Angioedema can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D is wrong because renal failure is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may experience a decrease in kidney function or an increase in blood levels of creatinine, which is a waste product filtered by the kidneys.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Bile acid-binding resins are cholesterol-lowering agents that bind to bile acids in the intestine and prevent their reabsorption. This reduces the amount of bile acids available for cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which lowers the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. However, bile acids are also needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.Therefore, patients taking bile acid-binding resins may require supplements of these vitamins to prevent deficiency.
Choice A is wrong because nicotinic acid, or niacin, is a B vitamin that can lower cholesterol by limiting the production of fats in the liver.It does not affect the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Choice B is wrong because nitroglycerin is not a cholesterol-lowering agent, but a vasodilator that relaxes the blood vessels and improves blood flow.It has no effect on fat-soluble vitamin absorption.
Choice D is wrong because beta blockers are not cholesterol-lowering agents, but drugs that lower blood pressure and heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline.They have no effect on fat-soluble vitamin absorption.
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