Class IV antidysrhythmics or calcium channel blockers have what action on the cardiovascular system?

These are all measures that can help prevent urinary tract infection (UTI), which is an infection in any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Choice A is wrong because holding the urge to urinate as much as possible can allow bacteria to grow in the bladder and cause infection.It is better to urinate frequently and completely to flush out any germs that may enter the urinary tract.

Choice B is correct because emptying the bladder before and after sexual intercourse can help remove any bacteria that may have been introduced during sex.Sexual activity is one of the common causes of UTI, especially in women.

Choice C is correct because taking antibiotics as ordered can help treat an existing UTI or prevent a recurrent one.Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for UTI and they work by killing the bacteria that cause the infection.

Choice D is correct because female patients should wipe from front to back after using the bathroom.This can prevent bacteria from the anus or fecal matter from spreading to the urethra and causing infection.

Choice E is correct because drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water a day can help dilute the urine and flush out any bacteria that may be present in the urinary tract.Water also helps maintain a healthy urinary system by keeping it hydrated and functioning well.

Exposure to cold temperatures should be avoided by the patient with peripheral vascular disease such as Raynaud’s disease.

This is because cold temperatures can trigger vasospasm, which is a sudden narrowing of the small arteries in the fingers or toes, limiting blood flow and causing pain, numbness and color changes.

Choice A is wrong because wearing warm mitten gloves can help prevent or reduce the severity of Raynaud’s attacks by keeping the hands warm.

Choice B is wrong because wearing socks can also help protect the feet from cold exposure and prevent or reduce Raynaud’s attacks.

Choice D is wrong because engaging in regular exercise can improve blood circulation and reduce the frequency and duration of Raynaud’s attacks.However, exercise should be done with caution and proper clothing to avoid injury or frostbite to the affected areas.

Normal ranges for peripheral vascular disease are not applicable, as it is a condition that affects the blood vessels and not a specific blood test or measurement.

However, some tests that can help diagnose peripheral vascular disease or its underlying causes are blood pressure measurement, ankle-brachial index, Doppler ultrasound, angiography, blood tests for cholesterol, glucose, clotting factors and inflammatory markers.