Class IV antidysrhythmics or calcium channel blockers have what action on the cardiovascular system?

Nitroglycerin transdermal patches are used to prevent episodes of angina (chest pain) in people who have coronary artery disease (narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart).Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that works by relaxing the blood vessels so that the heart does not need to work as hard and therefore does not need as much oxygen.However, if nitroglycerin is used continuously, the body may develop tolerance to its effects, meaning that it will not work as well to prevent angina attacks.Therefore, it is important to remove the patch at bedtime and apply a new one in the morning, leaving a 10-12 hour nitrate-free interval.This way, the body can restore its sensitivity to nitroglycerin and avoid angina episodes during the day.

Choice A is wrong because allergic response is not a common reason to remove the patch at night.Although some people may experience skin irritation or rash from the patch, this is usually mild and does not require discontinuation of the medication.If the skin reaction is severe or bothersome, the patch can be applied to a different area of the skin or switched to another form of nitroglycerin.

Choice C is wrong because overdose is unlikely to occur from using the patch as prescribed.Nitroglycerin patches come in doses ranging from 0.1 milligrams per hour to 0.8 mg/hr, and should be placed on clean, dry, and hairless skin for 12-14 hours and removed for 10-12 hours.If a patch loosens or falls off, it should be replaced with a fresh one.Overdose symptoms may include severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, chest pain, fast or irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing, fainting, or seizures.If these occur, the patch should be removed immediately and medical attention should be sought.

Choice D is wrong because management of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) is not related to nitroglycerin use.

BPH is a condition

HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries excess cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver, where it can be removed.HDL cholesterol is often called the “good” cholesterol because it helps protect against heart disease by lowering the amount of plaque buildup in the arteries.Increasing HDL cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice A is wrong because increasing LDL cholesterol levels would have the opposite effect.

LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body, where it can accumulate in the walls of the arteries and form plaque.

LDL cholesterol is often called the “bad” cholesterol because it increases the risk of heart disease by narrowing and hardening the arteries.Decreasing LDL cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice C is wrong because increasing triglyceride levels would also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) that circulates in the blood and provides energy for the body.

However, when triglycerides are too high, they can contribute to plaque formation in the arteries and inflammation of the pancreas.

High triglycerides are often associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and low thyroid levels.Lowering triglyceride levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice D is wrong because increasing intake of saturated fats would also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Saturated fats are a type of fat that are solid at room temperature and are found mostly in animal products, such as meat, butter, cheese, and cream.

Saturated fats can raise both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, but they also increase inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease.Reducing intake of saturated fats and replacing them with unsaturated fats, such as olive oil, nuts, seeds, and fish, can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

The normal ranges for blood lipid levels are as follows:

• Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)

• LDL cholesterol: less than 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)

• HDL cholesterol: 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) or higher for men; 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) or higher for women

• Triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)