The main class of drug for the treatment and management of Angina attack is what?

HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries excess cholesterol from other parts of the body to the liver, where it can be removed.

HDL is sometimes called “good” cholesterol because it helps protect against heart disease.Having high HDL levels is not a characteristic of metabolic syndrome, but rather a protective factor.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.These conditions include:

• Low HDLs (choice A): Having low levels of HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, as it means there is less “good” cholesterol to remove excess cholesterol from the blood vessels.

• Type II diabetes mellitus (choice B): This is a condition where the body does not use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Insulin is a hormone that helps the cells take up glucose from the blood.

Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome.

• Hypertension (choice C): This means having high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and blood vessels over time.

High blood pressure is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, which are common in metabolic syndrome.

• Abdominal obesity (choice E): This means having excess fat around the waist and trunk, also known as central or visceral obesity.

This type of fat is more harmful than fat in other parts of the body, as it can release inflammatory substances that affect the metabolism and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

• Hyperglycemia (choice F): This means having high blood sugar levels, which can damage the blood vessels and organs over time.

Hyperglycemia can result from insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, which are both components of metabolic syndrome.

The normal ranges for some of these conditions are:

• HDL cholesterol: more than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women

• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mmHg

• Blood sugar: less than 100 mg/dL after fasting or less than 140 mg/dL two hours after eating

• Waist circumference: less than 40 inches for men and less than 35 inches for women

According to the International Society of Hypertension, lifestyle interventions are recommended for three to six months before medication in patients with grade 1 hypertension (BP < 160/100 mm Hg) and no comorbidities.Diet and exercise can lower BP by reducing weight, sodium intake, alcohol consumption, and stress levels.

Choice A is wrong because angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population.They are preferred in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure.

Choice B is wrong because combination diuretics are not the initial recommendation for hypertension.They are used when monotherapy is not sufficient to achieve the target BP or when there is fluid retention.

Choice C is wrong because beta-adrenergic blocking agents are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population.They are preferred in patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or arrhythmias.