Which factors may contribute to hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)
Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
Decreased elasticity of blood vessels.
Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).
Decreased fluid volume.
Increased blood viscosity.
Correct Answer : B,C,E
(A) Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS): The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure. When the SNS is stimulated, it causes vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Therefore, decreased stimulation of the SNS would typically lead to vasodilation, or widening of the blood vessels, which would lower blood pressure, not increase it.
(B) Decreased elasticity of blood vessels: As people age, their blood vessels can lose elasticity, which can lead to hypertension. When blood vessels are elastic, they can easily expand and contract with each heartbeat, maintaining a healthy blood pressure. But when they become stiff or rigid, they can’t expand as easily, causing the pressure inside to increase.
(c) Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR): Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance that blood must overcome to flow through the blood vessels. The more resistance, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood through the body, which can lead to increased blood pressure. Factors that can increase PVR include vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, and increased blood viscosity, or thickness.
(D) Decreased fluid volume: Decreased fluid volume, or hypovolemia, would typically lead to a decrease in blood pressure, not an increase. This is because blood pressure is directly related to the volume of blood in the blood vessels. When there’s less blood, the pressure inside the blood vessels is usually lower.
(E) Increased blood viscosity: Blood viscosity refers to the thickness of the blood. When blood is thicker, it’s harder for it to flow through the blood vessels, which increases the resistance to blood flow, leading to increased blood pressure.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to answer research questions and test hypotheses. Statistical methods are used to analyze the data and draw conclusions about relationships, differences, or effects.
A. "Quantitative research aims to understand the feelings associated with a particular event":
This statement is incorrect. Quantitative research focuses on measurable data and is concerned with objective observations rather than subjective feelings or experiences.
B. "Qualitative research studies how to implement EBP into various settings":
This statement is incorrect. Qualitative research explores subjective experiences, perceptions, and meanings to gain a deeper understanding of phenomena. It is not specifically focused on implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) into various settings.
D. "Qualitative research uses larger sample sizes than quantitative research":
This statement is incorrect. Qualitative research typically involves smaller sample sizes compared to quantitative research. The emphasis in qualitative research is on depth and richness of data rather than statistical generalizability.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Insert the IV catheter:
Inserting an IV catheter is necessary to administer IV fluids and medications. However, it is not the most immediate need. The priority is to address the client's oxygenation status first to stabilize them before proceeding with other interventions.
B. Obtain a blood sample:
Obtaining a blood sample for cardiac enzyme levels is important to diagnose a myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, this step should be taken after ensuring the client is receiving adequate oxygen, as hypoxia needs to be addressed immediately.
C. Attach the leads for a 12-lead ECG:
Attaching the leads for a 12-lead ECG is crucial for diagnosing the client's cardiac condition. However, it should be done after initiating oxygen therapy, as improving the client's oxygenation status is more urgent and can help stabilize the client for further diagnostic procedures.
D. Initiate oxygen therapy:
Initiating oxygen therapy is the most critical first action. The client is experiencing severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and signs of cyanosis, indicating that their oxygen levels are insufficient. Providing oxygen at 4 L/min via nasal cannula will help alleviate hypoxia, improve the client's condition, and provide time for further diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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