Which factors may contribute to hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)

Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Decreased elasticity of blood vessels.

Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).

Decreased fluid volume.

Increased blood viscosity.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E

(A) Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS): The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure. When the SNS is stimulated, it causes vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Therefore, decreased stimulation of the SNS would typically lead to vasodilation, or widening of the blood vessels, which would lower blood pressure, not increase it.

(B) Decreased elasticity of blood vessels: As people age, their blood vessels can lose elasticity, which can lead to hypertension. When blood vessels are elastic, they can easily expand and contract with each heartbeat, maintaining a healthy blood pressure. But when they become stiff or rigid, they can’t expand as easily, causing the pressure inside to increase.

(c) Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR): Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance that blood must overcome to flow through the blood vessels. The more resistance, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood through the body, which can lead to increased blood pressure. Factors that can increase PVR include vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, and increased blood viscosity, or thickness.

(D) Decreased fluid volume: Decreased fluid volume, or hypovolemia, would typically lead to a decrease in blood pressure, not an increase. This is because blood pressure is directly related to the volume of blood in the blood vessels. When there’s less blood, the pressure inside the blood vessels is usually lower.

(E) Increased blood viscosity: Blood viscosity refers to the thickness of the blood. When blood is thicker, it’s harder for it to flow through the blood vessels, which increases the resistance to blood flow, leading to increased blood pressure.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Spirituality can increase feelings of hopelessness: This is generally not the case. Spirituality often provides a sense of hope and meaning, especially during challenging times such as the end of life.

B. Spirituality can increase depression: On the contrary, spirituality often serves as a source of comfort and strength, and can help individuals cope with emotional pain and feelings of depression.

C. Spirituality can increase the desire to hasten death: Spirituality typically helps individuals find meaning and purpose in their experiences, which can actually decrease the desire for a hastened death.

D. Spirituality can increase the quality of life: This is correct. Spirituality often enhances the quality of life, especially near the end of life. It can provide a sense of peace, comfort, and well-being. It can also help individuals make sense of their experiences and find meaning in them

A. Eggs B. Liver C. Beans D. Milk

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Eggs: While eggs are a good source of protein and other nutrients, they are also high in cholesterol. Therefore, they should be consumed in moderation on a low-cholesterol diet.

B. Liver: Liver is high in cholesterol and should be limited on a low-cholesterol diet. While it is rich in iron and other nutrients, there are other sources of these nutrients that are lower in cholesterol.

C. Beans: This is correct. Beans are a great choice for a low-cholesterol diet. They are high in soluble fiber, which can help lower cholesterol levels. They are also a good source of protein and are low in fat.

D. Milk: While milk is a good source of calcium and other nutrients, it can also be high in cholesterol, especially if it’s whole or 2% milk. On a low-cholesterol diet, it’s better to choose low-fat or non-fat dairy products

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Which factors may contribute to hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)

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