Which factor associated with aging increases the risk of gastric irritation from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in older adults?.

Choice A rationale:
Protein binding does not inactivate the drug. Instead, it can affect the drug’s distribution and bioavailability.
Choice B rationale:
Protein binding does not directly increase the risk of an allergic reaction. Allergic reactions are typically immune responses to a drug, not a result of protein binding.
Choice C rationale:
An idiosyncratic reaction is an unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug, which is not related to protein binding.
Choice D rationale:
Protein binding can lead to the accumulation of the drug. Drugs often cannot cross membranes mainly due to the high molecular mass of the drug-protein complex, resulting in the accumulation of the active compounds.

Choice A rationale:
Trough levels are the lowest concentration in the patient’s bloodstream, hence they are not the best indicator of the amount of circulating medication.
Choice B rationale:
The term ‘Drug’ is too general and does not specifically refer to the amount of medication in the patient’s bloodstream.
Choice C rationale:
Peak levels are the highest concentration of a drug in the patient’s bloodstream after administration. This is when the amount of the medication in the body is likely to be highest.
Choice D rationale:
Therapeutic levels refer to the range in which a drug is expected to be effective without causing any serious problems to the patient. It does not directly indicate the amount of circulating medication.