Which action should the nurse take when providing postoperative nursing care to a child after insertion of ventriculoperitone (VP) shunt?

A. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells.

B. Epinephrine (adrenaline) can raise blood glucose levels in response to the "fight or flight" stress response, but it's not primarily responsible for stimulating liver glycogenolysis.

C. Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans and plays a crucial role in increasing blood glucose levels. It promotes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in the liver and the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis).

D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which can also contribute to raising blood glucose levels but isn't primarily responsible for liver glycogenolysis.

In the context of diabetes management, understanding the role of glucagon is important because it helps individuals know how to manage hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) by administering glucagon or consuming fast-acting sources of glucose.

Options A (increased ability of tissue to retain fluid) and B (reduced blood pressure) are not typical signs of improvement in Nephrotic Syndrome. The primary focus is on reducing protein loss and alleviating edema.

Option C. Increased diuresis and decreased protein loss in urine.

Nephrotic Syndrome is characterized by increased urinary protein loss, resulting in hypoalbuminemia, edema, and other symptoms. Improvement in Nephrotic Syndrome is typically indicated by:

Increased diuresis: An increase in urine output suggests that the child is excreting excess fluid, which can help reduce edema (swelling).

Decreased protein loss in urine: A reduction in proteinuria (loss of protein in the urine) is a positive sign, as it indicates that the damaged kidney glomeruli are functioning more effectively in retaining protein.

Option D (decreased protein levels in serum) is also not a clear sign of improvement. While it may be related to reduced protein loss in urine, it does not directly reflect the overall improvement of the condition. Monitoring protein levels in the urine (proteinuria) is a more specific indicator of Nephrotic Syndrome management.