A 1-year-old is being screened for retinoblastoma based on family history of the disease. The nurse recognizes which sign as being most characteristic of the disease?

White glow of the pupil.

Ptosis of the eye

Fixed and dilated pupil

Purulent eye discharge

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A white glow of the pupil, often referred to as "cat's eye reflex" or "leukocoria," is a significant and characteristic sign of retinoblastoma. It occurs when the tumor within the eye reflects light, resulting in a white or yellowish glow in the pupil when light is shined into it. This can be seen in flash photographs or in certain lighting conditions. It's a crucial sign that may indicate the presence of retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer that primarily affects young children.

The other options, B (ptosis of the eye), C (fixed and dilated pupil), and D (purulent eye discharge), are not typically associated with retinoblastoma. Ptosis is the drooping of the upper eyelid, a fixed and dilated pupil is usually a sign of neurological issues, and purulent eye discharge is often associated with eye infections rather than retinoblastoma.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "The body's response to gluten causes the intestine to become more porous and hang on to more of the fat-soluble vitamins, leading to vitamin toxicity." This answer is not accurate. The issue in celiac disease is malabsorption, not vitamin toxicity.

B. "The body's response to gluten causes damage to the mucosal cells in the intestines leading to absorption problems."

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye) leads to damage of the mucosal cells in the small intestine. This damage, in turn, can lead to malabsorption of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and other important components of the diet. It is important for individuals with celiac disease to avoid gluten-containing foods to prevent ongoing damage to the intestinal mucosa and improve nutrient absorption.

C. "The body's response to consumption of anything containing gluten is to create special cells called villi, which leads to more diarrhea." This statement is not accurate. Celiac disease leads to damage to the villi (finger-like projections) in the small intestine, not the creation of special cells. It can lead to diarrhea but is not the primary cause.

D. "The body's response to gluten causes damage to the mucosal cells, leading to malabsorption of water and hard, constipated stools." This response is not accurate. Celiac disease is more commonly associated with diarrhea and malabsorption, not constipation and malabsorption of water.

A. Metabolic Alkalosis B. Water and sodium (Na) retention C. Anemia D. Hyperkalemia E. Increased urinary output

Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]

Explanation

A. Metabolic alkalosis is not a common acid-base imbalance associated with ARF. Instead, metabolic acidosis is more commonly observed due to the retention of metabolic waste products.

B. Water and sodium (Na) retention: In ARF, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter and excrete waste products and excess fluids. This leads to the retention of water and sodium, contributing to fluid overload.

C. Anemia: ARF can lead to decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys, which can result in anemia due to reduced red blood cell production.

D. Hyperkalemia: The impaired kidney function in ARF may result in the inability to regulate potassium levels. Elevated levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can be a dangerous complication.

E. Increased urinary output is not a typical finding in ARF. Instead, the hallmark of ARF is a reduction in urine output or oliguria.

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A 1-year-old is being screened for retinoblastoma based on family history of the disease. The nurse recognizes which sign as being most characteristic of the disease?

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