The nurse should teach a pregnant woman that which substances are teratogens? (Select all that apply.).

Choice A rationale:

The correct answer. Apnea in premature infants, characterized by pauses in breathing lasting 5 to 10 seconds, is often due to immature central respiratory centers in the brain. These episodes are termed sleep or wakeful apnea and are a common phenomenon in premature infants. The compensatory rapid respiration that follows is the body's attempt to restore oxygen levels.

Choice B rationale:

There is no indication in the scenario that the infant is experiencing severe swings in blood pressure, which would be a concerning condition that would need medical attention.

Choice C rationale:

Premature infants require a neutral thermal environment, but this condition does not cause the specific respiratory pattern described in the question.

Choice D rationale:

Choice A rationale:

Cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that can cause birth defects and other complications during pregnancy. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to cigarette smoke to protect the developing fetus.

Choice B rationale:

Isotretinoin (Retin A) is a medication used to treat severe acne. It is known to cause severe birth defects and should be avoided during pregnancy. Women of childbearing age who are prescribed isotretinoin must use effective contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking the medication.

Choice C rationale:

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for various bodily functions. It is not a teratogen and is safe for consumption during pregnancy in recommended amounts. In fact, pregnant women are encouraged to consume an adequate amount of vitamin C to support their overall health and the development of the baby.

Choice D rationale:

Salicylic acid is commonly found in skincare products and is used to treat acne. While oral use of high doses of salicylic acid during pregnancy can be harmful, the small amounts used in topical skincare products are generally considered safe. However, it's advisable for pregnant women to use salicylic acid-containing products in moderation.

Choice E rationale:

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection that can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman becomes infected, especially during the early stages of pregnancy. Rubella vaccination before pregnancy is recommended to prevent congenital rubella syndrome.