The nurse is providing education on epidemiology to a nursing student. Which of the following statements indicates the importance of epidemiology to the community health nurse? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

Choice A reason: Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot that points the toes downward. It is not a test for gait, but rather a test for muscle strength and nerve function in the lower leg.

Choice B reason: Romberg is a test for balance and coordination that involves asking the client to stand with their feet together and arms at their sides, first with their eyes open and then with their eyes closed. If the client sways or falls when their eyes are closed, it indicates a problem with their proprioception, which is the sense of position and movement of the body. Ataxia is a condition that affects proprioception and causes impaired gait, so Romberg is an appropriate test for it.

Choice C reason: Achilles reflex is the contraction of the calf muscle when the Achilles tendon is tapped. It is not a test for gait, but rather a test for spinal cord function and nerve damage in the lower leg.

Choice D reason: Patellar reflex is the extension of the lower leg when the patellar tendon is tapped. It is not a test for gait, but rather a test for spinal cord function and nerve damage in the upper leg.

Choice A reason: Monitoring vital signs and neurological status frequently is a priority intervention for a client who has experienced a hemorrhagic stroke, as it helps to detect any changes in the client's condition and guide appropriate treatment. Hemorrhagic stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding into the brain tissue. This can lead to increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and brain damage. Therefore, the nurse should monitor the client's blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature, level of consciousness, pupil reaction, motor function, and sensory function frequently and report any abnormalities to the health care provider.

Choice B reason: Maintaining strict bed rest to minimize cerebral blood flow is not a priority intervention for a client who has experienced a hemorrhagic stroke, as it may not prevent further bleeding or improve the client's outcome. In fact, strict bed rest may increase the risk of complications such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and muscle atrophy. The nurse should follow the health care provider's orders regarding the client's activity level and position. The nurse should also provide adequate hydration, nutrition, skin care, and comfort measures to the client.

Choice C reason: Administering anticoagulant medications as prescribed is not a priority intervention for a client who has experienced a hemorrhagic stroke, as it may worsen the bleeding and increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Anticoagulant medications are used to prevent or treat ischemic stroke, which is caused by a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel in the brain. However, anticoagulant medications are contraindicated in hemorrhagic stroke, as they interfere with the blood's ability to clot and stop the bleeding. The nurse should avoid giving any medications that may affect coagulation or platelet function to the client unless ordered by the health care provider.

Choice D reason: Assisting the client with active range of motion exercises is not a priority intervention for a client who has experienced a hemorrhagic stroke, as it may not improve the client's neurological function or prevent complications. Active range of motion exercises are performed by the client with or without assistance from the nurse to maintain joint mobility and muscle strength. However, these exercises are not indicated in the acute phase of hemorrhagic stroke, as they may increase intracranial pressure or cause pain or discomfort to the client. The nurse should consult with the physical therapist before initiating any exercise program for the client.