(Select All That Apply): A nurse is discussing the psychosocial factors that can affect or be affected by depression with a client. Which of the following factors are considered psychosocial factors related to depression? Select all that apply.
Genetic predisposition.
Role of stress and life events.
Interpersonal relationships.
Cognitive factors.
Neurotransmitter imbalances.
Correct Answer : B,C,D
Choice A rationale:
Genetic predisposition refers to a person's susceptibility to certain conditions based on their genetic makeup. While genetics can play a role in predisposing someone to depression, it is not considered a psychosocial factor. Genetic factors are biological in nature and do not directly involve social and psychological influences.
Choice B rationale:
The role of stress and life events is a significant psychosocial factor related to depression. Stressful life events, such as trauma, loss, or major life changes, can trigger or exacerbate depressive episodes in susceptible individuals. The interaction between these external stressors and an individual's psychological responses is a key aspect of psychosocial factors.
Choice C rationale:
Interpersonal relationships are another important psychosocial factor linked to depression. Poor interpersonal relationships, social isolation, and conflicts with friends or family can contribute to feelings of loneliness and despair, increasing the risk of developing depression.
Choice D rationale:
Cognitive factors, including negative thought patterns and distorted thinking, are considered psychosocial contributors to depression. Cognitive theories of depression emphasize how an individual's thought processes, self-perception, and interpretation of events can influence their emotional state. Dysfunctional thought patterns, such as excessive self-criticism or hopelessness, can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.
Choice E rationale:
Neurotransmitter imbalances are not psychosocial factors. They are more related to the biological underpinnings of depression rather than the social and psychological influences explored in psychosocial factors.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Patient Health naire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 is a commonly used depression assessment tool that evaluates a patient's mood and depressive symptoms. It consists of nine questions that correspond to the nine criteria for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD) according to the DSM-5. The tool assesses various aspects of depression, such as mood, sleep disturbances, appetite changes, and more. It's a self-report questionnaire that helps clinicians assess the severity of a patient's depression and track their progress over time.
Choice B rationale:
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is another widely used tool for assessing the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with mood disorders. It contains multiple items that evaluate various aspects of depression, such as mood, feelings of guilt, suicidal ideation, and more. Unlike the PHQ-9, the HAM-D is typically administered by a trained clinician and is more extensive, making it suitable for clinical research and diagnosis but potentially less practical for routine screening.
Choice C rationale:
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in individuals. It consists of 21 multiple-choice questions that cover various emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms of depression. The BDI is useful for assessing the intensity of depression and changes in symptom severity over time. While a valuable tool, it's not the assessment tool most likely used in this scenario.
Choice D rationale:
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is not an appropriate tool for assessing depression. Instead, it's a brief cognitive screening test used to assess cognitive impairment and cognitive decline in individuals, especially in older adults. It evaluates aspects such as orientation, memory, attention, language, and visuospatial skills. It is not designed to assess mood, anxiety, or other emotional aspects related to depression.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
A manic episode is characterized by a distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, often accompanied by increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and impulsive behavior. The client's description does not align with a manic episode.
Choice B rationale:
Bipolar disorder involves cycling between periods of mania or hypomania and depression. The client's statement does not provide evidence of mood cycling, which is characteristic of bipolar disorder.
Choice C rationale:
The client's statement directly describes anhedonia, which is a key characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD). Anhedonia involves the inability to derive pleasure from activities that were previously enjoyable, and it is a central diagnostic criterion for MDD.
Choice D rationale:
Adjustment disorder is a condition characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that develop in response to a specific stressor. The client's statement is more indicative of a pervasive and ongoing lack of enjoyment, which aligns with the concept of anhedonia in MDD rather than the time-limited nature of adjustment disorder.
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