A nurse is conducting a mental health assessment on a client. The client reports feeling extremely fatigued, having difficulty concentrating, and having thoughts of worthlessness. The nurse recognizes these as:
Signs of normal bereavement.
Symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Indicators of substance-induced mood disorder.
Criteria for diagnosing MDD according to DSM-5.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale:
Signs of normal bereavement. Bereavement refers to the period of grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one. While fatigue and feelings of worthlessness can be experienced during bereavement, difficulty concentrating is not a typical sign. Additionally, bereavement-related symptoms typically improve over time as the individual processes their loss. The combination of extreme fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of worthlessness suggests a more severe and persistent condition than normal bereavement.
Choice B rationale:
Symptoms of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania (or hypomania). The client's symptoms of extreme fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of worthlessness are primarily indicative of a depressive episode, which is only one aspect of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder requires the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes, which are not mentioned in the client's presentation.
Choice C rationale:
Indicators of substance-induced mood disorder. Substance-induced mood disorder occurs as a result of substance use or withdrawal and involves changes in mood and affect. While substances can lead to symptoms similar to depression, the combination of symptoms presented by the client (fatigue, difficulty concentrating, thoughts of worthlessness) is more indicative of a primary mood disorder rather than one directly caused by substance use.
Choice D rationale:
Criteria for diagnosing MDD according to DSM-5. The client's symptoms of extreme fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of worthlessness align with the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These criteria include the presence of specific symptoms for a specified duration, causing significant impairment in functioning. The symptoms should not be better explained by other conditions or substances. In this case, the client's presentation closely matches the criteria for diagnosing MDD.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Increased appetite is not a commonly associated side effect of antidepressant medications. In fact, some antidepressants can lead to decreased appetite or weight loss as side effects.
Choice B rationale:
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is generally not a common side effect of most antidepressant medications. However, there are specific cases where certain antidepressants might have an impact on blood pressure, but it's not a typical side effect across the board.
Choice C rationale:
This is the correct statement. Insomnia, or difficulty sleeping, is a commonly reported side effect of many antidepressant medications. It can disrupt sleep patterns and lead to increased sleep difficulties, which might exacerbate existing sleep problems or contribute to new ones.
Choice D rationale:
Excessive energy is not a common side effect associated with antidepressant use. Antidepressants typically work to regulate mood and alleviate symptoms of depression, and excessive energy would not align with the expected effects of these medications.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Depression is not solely caused by genetic factors. While genetics do play a role in predisposing individuals to depression, it's a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental influences that contribute to the development of the disorder.
Choice B rationale:
Genetic factors are not minor players in depression. Research suggests that genetics can significantly influence a person's susceptibility to depression. However, environmental factors, such as trauma, stress, and life experiences, also contribute substantially to the onset and course of depression.
Choice C rationale:
The relationship between genetics and depression is not as straightforward as specific genes causing depression independently of environmental factors. Depression is a multifactorial disorder influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
Choice D rationale:
This is the correct answer. Genetic factors do contribute to an individual's vulnerability to depression. Studies of families, twins, and heritability have demonstrated a genetic component to depression. However, it's crucial to recognize that genetic predisposition interacts with environmental factors. Trauma, loss, chronic stress, and other environmental triggers can precipitate depressive episodes in genetically susceptible individuals.
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