(Select All That Apply): A nurse is assessing a client for major depressive disorder (MDD). Which of the following signs and symptoms are consistent with the clinical presentation of MDD? Select all that apply.
Increased interest in activities.
Weight gain of 3% in a month.
Excessive guilt and self-blame.
Insomnia.
Elevated mood and increased energy.
Correct Answer : C,D
Choice A rationale:
Increased interest in activities is not consistent with the clinical presentation of MDD. In fact, a hallmark symptom of MDD is anhedonia, which involves a reduced interest or pleasure in most activities.
Choice B rationale:
Weight gain is not typically associated with MDD. In contrast, significant changes in appetite and weight loss are more common symptoms, often accompanied by feelings of worthlessness or guilt related to body image.
Choice C rationale:
Excessive guilt and self-blame are common cognitive and emotional symptoms of MDD. Individuals with MDD tend to have a negative self-perception and may blame themselves for their difficulties.
Choice D rationale:
Insomnia, or difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, is a common sleep disturbance associated with MDD. Sleep problems can exacerbate the symptoms of depression and impact overall well-being.
Choice E rationale:
Elevated mood and increased energy are actually more indicative of conditions like bipolar disorder or manic episodes, where there are distinct periods of abnormally elevated mood, known as mania or hypomania.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Pharmacological interventions involve the use of medications to treat conditions like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This does not involve stimulating the brain electrically or magnetically. While antidepressant medications can have an impact on neuronal activity and neuroplasticity, they are not classified as brain stimulation therapies.
Choice B rationale:
This is the correct answer. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that involves passing an electrical current through the brain to induce a controlled seizure. This has been found to be effective in cases of severe depression where other treatments have not worked. Other somatic therapies might include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), both of which involve modulating brain activity through electrical or magnetic means.
Choice C rationale:
Psychotherapeutic interventions involve talking therapies aimed at addressing psychological and emotional issues. These therapies do not directly involve electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain. While they can certainly lead to changes in neuronal activity and neuroplasticity, they are not the primary modalities for brain stimulation.
Choice D rationale:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a specific type of psychotherapeutic intervention that focuses on changing thought patterns and behaviors. While CBT can lead to changes in brain activity and neuroplasticity, it does not involve direct brain stimulation through electrical or magnetic means like ECT or rTMS.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Genetic predisposition refers to a person's susceptibility to certain conditions based on their genetic makeup. While genetics can play a role in predisposing someone to depression, it is not considered a psychosocial factor. Genetic factors are biological in nature and do not directly involve social and psychological influences.
Choice B rationale:
The role of stress and life events is a significant psychosocial factor related to depression. Stressful life events, such as trauma, loss, or major life changes, can trigger or exacerbate depressive episodes in susceptible individuals. The interaction between these external stressors and an individual's psychological responses is a key aspect of psychosocial factors.
Choice C rationale:
Interpersonal relationships are another important psychosocial factor linked to depression. Poor interpersonal relationships, social isolation, and conflicts with friends or family can contribute to feelings of loneliness and despair, increasing the risk of developing depression.
Choice D rationale:
Cognitive factors, including negative thought patterns and distorted thinking, are considered psychosocial contributors to depression. Cognitive theories of depression emphasize how an individual's thought processes, self-perception, and interpretation of events can influence their emotional state. Dysfunctional thought patterns, such as excessive self-criticism or hopelessness, can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.
Choice E rationale:
Neurotransmitter imbalances are not psychosocial factors. They are more related to the biological underpinnings of depression rather than the social and psychological influences explored in psychosocial factors.
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