A nurse is explaining the role of neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of MDD to a group of nursing students. Which neurotransmitters are mentioned in the text as being involved in regulating mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response?

Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Glutamate and epinephrine.

Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Endorphins and oxytocin.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A rationale:

Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are not the primary neurotransmitters involved in regulating mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response. Acetylcholine plays a role in memory and muscle control, while GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety and sleep. These neurotransmitters are not as closely associated with the functions mentioned in the question.

Choice B rationale:

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone that prepares the body for the fight-or-flight response. While both glutamate and epinephrine play important roles in various physiological responses, they are not primarily responsible for regulating mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response as mentioned in the question.

Choice C rationale:

Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all key neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response. These neurotransmitters have been extensively studied in the context of mood disorders like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Serotonin is often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness, dopamine is linked to pleasure and reward pathways, and norepinephrine is involved in the body's stress response. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters have been implicated in the development of mood disorders.

Choice D rationale:

Endorphins and oxytocin are important neurotransmitters, but they are not as directly related to the regulation of mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response as the neurotransmitters mentioned in choice C. Endorphins are known for their role in pain modulation and feelings of pleasure, while oxytocin is often referred to as the "bonding hormone" and is associated with social connections and childbirth.

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Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Genetic predisposition refers to a person's susceptibility to certain conditions based on their genetic makeup. While genetics can play a role in predisposing someone to depression, it is not considered a psychosocial factor. Genetic factors are biological in nature and do not directly involve social and psychological influences.

Choice B rationale:

The role of stress and life events is a significant psychosocial factor related to depression. Stressful life events, such as trauma, loss, or major life changes, can trigger or exacerbate depressive episodes in susceptible individuals. The interaction between these external stressors and an individual's psychological responses is a key aspect of psychosocial factors.

Choice C rationale:

Interpersonal relationships are another important psychosocial factor linked to depression. Poor interpersonal relationships, social isolation, and conflicts with friends or family can contribute to feelings of loneliness and despair, increasing the risk of developing depression.

Choice D rationale:

Cognitive factors, including negative thought patterns and distorted thinking, are considered psychosocial contributors to depression. Cognitive theories of depression emphasize how an individual's thought processes, self-perception, and interpretation of events can influence their emotional state. Dysfunctional thought patterns, such as excessive self-criticism or hopelessness, can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.

Choice E rationale:

Neurotransmitter imbalances are not psychosocial factors. They are more related to the biological underpinnings of depression rather than the social and psychological influences explored in psychosocial factors.

A. Genetic theory. B. Neuroendocrine theory. C. Neurotransmitter theory. D. Environmental theory.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Genetic theory suggests that a person's genetic makeup can predispose them to develop depression, but it does not specifically address the role of neurotransmitters in depression. While genetics can contribute to the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD), this choice doesn't focus on the neurotransmitter imbalances.

Choice B rationale:

Neuroendocrine theory pertains to the role of hormones in depression, particularly abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. While hormones play a role in mood regulation, this theory does not primarily revolve around neurotransmitter imbalances.

Choice C rationale:

Neurotransmitter theory proposes that an imbalance of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, contributes to the development of major depressive disorder. This theory aligns with the idea that these neurotransmitters are responsible for regulating mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response.

Choice D rationale:

Environmental theory suggests that external factors, such as life events and stressors, contribute to the development of depression. While environment can indeed influence depression, it does not specifically address the neurotransmitter imbalances that are central to this question.

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A nurse is explaining the role of neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of MDD to a group of nursing students. Which neurotransmitters are mentioned in the text as being involved in regulating mood, motivation, reward, cognition, and stress response?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

(Select All That Apply): A nurse is discussing the psychosocial factors that can affect or be affected by depression with a client. Which of the following factors are considered psychosocial factors related to depression? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

(Select All That Apply): A nurse is assessing a client for major depressive disorder (MDD). Which of the following signs and symptoms are consistent with the clinical presentation of MDD? Select all that apply.

A nurse is administering a depression assessment tool to a client. The tool evaluates mood, anxiety, insomnia, somatic symptoms, and other aspects of depression. Which assessment tool is the nurse most likely using?

A nurse is discussing the various treatment approaches for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with a client. Which treatment modality involves stimulating the brain electrically or magnetically to induce changes in neuronal activity and neuroplasticity?

A nurse is assessing a client who has been experiencing persistent feelings of sadness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. The client denies any history of manic episodes. Which of the following conditions should the nurse consider as a possible differential diagnosis for this client?

A nurse is providing education to a group of nursing students about major depressive disorder (MDD). Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of MDD?

A client is sharing their experiences with a nurse. The client states, "I just can't seem to enjoy anything anymore. Even activities I used to love don't bring me pleasure." This statement by the client is indicative of:

A client is experiencing persistent feelings of sadness, guilt, and worthlessness. They also report significant weight loss and insomnia. The nurse suspects the client may have:

A client is curious about the impact of chronic stress on the development of depression. Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between chronic stress and depression according to the text?