Diabetes in pregnancy puts the fetus at risk in several ways.
Nurses should be aware that:.

Choice A rationale:

With good control of maternal glucose levels, sudden and unexplained stillbirth is no longer a major concern. While controlling maternal glucose levels is important in diabetic pregnancies, it does not eliminate all risks, including the risk of stillbirth. However, the most significant cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancies is congenital malformations. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy can lead to structural abnormalities in the fetus, increasing the risk of perinatal loss.

Choice B rationale:

The most important cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancy is congenital malformations. This is the correct answer. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk of congenital malformations in the fetus, making it a significant concern in diabetic pregnancies. Proper management of diabetes and prenatal care are essential to reduce this risk.

Choice C rationale:

Infants of mothers with diabetes have the same risks for respiratory distress syndrome because of careful monitoring. Infants of mothers with diabetes are at an increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome due to delayed lung maturation. Careful monitoring is essential, but it does not eliminate this risk. Proper management and timely interventions are necessary to minimize the impact of respiratory distress syndrome in these infants.

Choice D rationale:

At birth, the neonate of a diabetic mother is no longer at any greater risk. Infants of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for various complications, both during and after birth. These risks include hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypocalcemia, among others. Close monitoring and appropriate interventions are required to ensure the well-being of the newborn.

Choice A rationale:

Pouring water from a squeeze bottle over the woman's perineum is a common technique used to ease perineal discomfort after childbirth, but it does not address the issue of a full bladder preventing the uterus from contracting normally.

Choice B rationale:

Placing oil of peppermint in a bedpan under the woman is a technique used to encourage relaxation and help the woman empty her bladder spontaneously. The smell of peppermint can stimulate the relaxation of pelvic muscles, making it easier for the woman to urinate. This method is often effective in encouraging postpartum women to empty their bladders, which is important for uterine contraction and preventing postpartum hemorrhage.

Choice C rationale:

Asking the physician to prescribe analgesics may help manage pain but does not directly address the issue of a full bladder preventing normal uterine contractions.

Choice D rationale:

Inserting a sterile catheter is a medical intervention that might be necessary if the woman cannot empty her bladder spontaneously. However, it is typically considered after other non-invasive methods, such as the use of peppermint oil, have been attempted and failed. Inserting a catheter should be done with caution to avoid introducing infection and discomfort to the woman.