Airway obstruction in COPD type B (chronic bronchitis) is due to

hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage

loss of alveolar elastin

pulmonary edema

thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage are not the causes of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Bronchial cartilage is the rigid structure that supports the bronchi, the large airways that branch from the trachea. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, and deformation is a change in the shape or structure of the cells. These processes can affect the bronchial cartilage, but they do not directly obstruct the airway.

Choice B reason: Loss of alveolar elastin is not the cause of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Alveolar elastin is the elastic fiber that allows the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, to expand and recoil during breathing. Loss of alveolar elastin is a characteristic of COPD type A (emphysema), which causes the alveoli to lose their shape and collapse. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange, but it does not obstruct the airway.

Choice C reason: Pulmonary edema is not the cause of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, usually due to heart failure or lung injury. It causes shortness of breath, coughing, and crackles in the lungs. It can impair gas exchange and oxygenation, but it does not obstruct the airway.

Choice D reason: Thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy are the causes of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Thick mucus is the result of chronic inflammation and infection of the bronchi, which stimulates the mucus glands to produce more and thicker mucus. Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the bronchial walls, which narrows the airway and reduces its elasticity. Smooth muscle hypertrophy is the enlargement of the smooth muscle cells that surround the bronchi, which increases the airway resistance and causes bronchospasm. These processes combine to obstruct the airway and cause chronic cough, wheezing, and dyspnea.

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Use of accessory breathing muscles is a sign of respiratory distress and increased work of breathing. Accessory muscles are the muscles of the neck, chest, and abdomen that assist the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in breathing. They are normally not used for breathing, but they are recruited when the airway is obstructed or the lung function is impaired.

Choice B reason: Foul-smelling sputum is not a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a sign of a bacterial infection or a lung abscess. Sputum is the mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It can have different colors, textures, and odors depending on the cause and severity of the condition.

Choice C reason: Feeling of chest tightness is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is caused by the bronchoconstriction, or the narrowing of the airways, that occurs during an asthma attack. It can also be accompanied by pain or pressure in the chest.

Choice D reason: Coughing is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a reflex action that tries to clear the airways of mucus, irritants, or foreign particles. It can also be triggered by the inflammation and hypersensitivity of the airways that occur during an asthma attack.

Choice E reason: Expiratory wheezing is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a high-pitched whistling sound that is heard when the person exhales. It is caused by the turbulent flow of air through the narrowed airways. It can also be heard on inspiration, but it is more prominent on expiration.

A. Insomnia B. Bradycardia C. Chest pain D. Hyperkalemia

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Insomnia is a common side effect of stimulant medications, such as caffeine or amphetamine, which increase the activity of the central nervous system and cause difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Choice B reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute. ACE inhibitors do not cause bradycardia, but rather lower the blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

Choice C reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Chest pain is a sign of angina or myocardial infarction, which are caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. ACE inhibitors can actually prevent or treat these conditions by improving the blood flow and reducing the workload of the heart.

Choice D reason: This is an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness. ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia by reducing the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates the sodium and potassium balance in the body.

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Airway obstruction in COPD type B (chronic bronchitis) is due to

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

When assessing an individual during an acute (severe) asthma episode, you should expect to find (select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]

Explanation

Which adverse effect of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) will the nurse expect to assess in a hypertensive patient?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A 60-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease results in:

Pt has respiratory acidosis (low blood pH) due to his asthma exacerbation. What will the nurse expect to see?

The nurse is providing instruction to a patient who was recently prescribed an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which is an adverse effect of this medication?

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Which physiological response will the nurse expect to assess in patients taking hydralazine (Apresoline), which is a vasodilator medication?

A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should the nurse include? Airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma is related to:

A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by