How does montelukast (Singulair), a leukotriene blocker, work in the treatment of asthma?

Choice A reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Decreased cardiac output is a consequence of left heart failure, which affects the perfusion of vital organs and tissues.

Choice B reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Bronchoconstriction is a feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affect the airways and cause wheezes and shortness of breath.

Choice C reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Inflammatory pulmonary edema is a type of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which occurs when the alveolar-capillary membrane is damaged by an inflammatory process, such as pneumonia or sepsis.

Choice D reason: This is the correct cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Pulmonary vascular congestion is a result of increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the aorta and the rest of the body. This causes fluid to leak into the alveoli and interstitial spaces, leading to cough, dyspnea, crackles, and pink frothy sputum.

Choice A reason: ARBs do not affect the LDL cholesterol levels. They lower the blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin II, which is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Statins are the drugs that lower the LDL cholesterol levels.

Choice B reason: ARBs do not cause weight loss of more than 2 pounds/week. They lower the blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin II, which is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Diuretics are the drugs that cause weight loss by increasing the urine output and reducing the fluid volume.

Choice C reason: ARBs do not increase the urinary output. They lower the blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin II, which is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Diuretics are the drugs that increase the urinary output by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys.

Choice D reason: ARBs lower the blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin II, which is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Therefore, a nursing assessment that confirms that the ARB that a patient is taking is effective is a decrease in the blood pressure. This is the correct statement that describes the expected outcome of ARBs.