A nurse working in the emergency department (ED) is admitting a client.
The nurse is reviewing the client's medical record. Which of the following conditions should the nurse identify as a risk factor for pneumonia? Select all that apply.
COPD
Hypertension
Dermatitis
Smoking history
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Correct Answer : A,D,E
A. COPD: Clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for pneumonia due to compromised lung function, chronic inflammation, and decreased mucociliary clearance, making it easier for pathogens to infect the lungs.
B. Hypertension: While hypertension is a significant cardiovascular risk factor, it does not directly increase the risk of pneumonia. Therefore, it is not a relevant factor in this case.
C. Dermatitis: Dermatitis is a skin condition and does not affect lung function or immunity in a way that would increase the risk of pneumonia.
D. Smoking history: Smoking damages the respiratory epithelium and impairs the immune defenses of the lungs, making smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections such as pneumonia.
E. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes compromises immune function and increases the risk of infections, including pneumonia, due to hyperglycemia impairing neutrophil function and other immune responses.
F. Hypothyroidism: While hypothyroidism may cause some general symptoms such as fatigue, it does not directly compromise respiratory function or immunity in a way that increases the risk of pneumonia.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The condom should fit snugly but not just over the tip of the penis; it should cover the entire shaft.
B. Condoms provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and should be used in addition to implanted contraceptive methods (such as IUDs or implants) to prevent the spread of STDs. Implanted contraceptives do not offer STD protection.
C. Spermicides can increase condom effectiveness, but condoms are not equally effective with or without them. Their effectiveness varies.
D. Petroleum-based lubricants can degrade latex condoms and increase the risk of breakage, so water-based or silicone-based lubricants are recommended.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Breathing exercises involve inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth for better oxygenation and relaxation.
B. Mindfulness focuses on being present and observing thoughts nonjudgmentally, not necessarily seeking advice from others.
C. Guided imagery involves imagining calming or peaceful scenarios, not stimulating ones.
D. Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and then relaxing muscle groups to relieve tension and promote relaxation.
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