A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the respiratory system changes that occur with aging. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.).
“Your respiratory muscle strength may decrease as you age.”.
“Your lung tissue may become less elastic and more rigid over time.”.
“Your cough reflex and gag reflex may become weaker with age.”.
“Your vital capacity may increase and your residual volume may decrease as you age.”.
“Your ciliary action and mucus production may decrease with age.”.
Correct Answer : A,B,C,E
The correct answer is A, B, C, and E. These statements reflect the respiratory system changes that occur with aging, such as decreased respiratory muscle strength, decreased lung elasticity and recoil, decreased cough and gag reflexes, and decreased ciliary action and mucus production.
These changes can impair gas exchange, increase the risk of infections, and reduce exercise capacity.
Choice D is wrong because it states the opposite of what happens with aging.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation. With aging, vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases due to the loss of lung elasticity and airway closure.
This reduces the amount of fresh air that can enter the lungs and increases the amount of stale air that remains in the lungs.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
“You should apply moisturizer to your skin after bathing.” This statement is based on the fact that dry skin is a common problem among older adults, especially in cold or dry weather.Applying moisturizer after bathing can help to lock in the moisture and prevent further water loss from the skin.
Choice A is wrong because drinking more water may not be enough to hydrate the skin if the skin barrier is impaired or damaged.Drinking water is important for overall health, but it does not directly affect the moisture content of the skin.
Choice B is wrong because avoiding soap and hot water when bathing may not be sufficient to prevent dry skin.
Soap can strip the natural oils from the skin, but so can hot water.It is recommended to use mild, non-soap cleansers and warm water instead of hot water when bathing.
Choice C is wrong because wearing layers of clothing to keep warm may not address the underlying cause of feeling cold.Older adults may feel cold more than usual due to various factors, such as thinning of the skin, decreased blood circulation, reduced muscle mass, or hormonal changes.
Wearing layers of clothing may help to maintain body temperature, but it does not treat the cause of feeling cold.
Normal ranges for skin moisture and body temperature vary depending on individual factors, such as age, health status, environment, and activity level.
However, some general guidelines are:.
• Skin moisture: The skin should feel soft and smooth, not rough or scaly.
The skin should not have cracks, flakes, or redness.The skin should have a normal color, not pale or grayish.
• Body temperature: The normal body temperature for adults is around 98.6°F (37°C), but it can vary slightly depending on the time of day, activity level, and other factors.A body temperature below 95°F (35°C) is considered hypothermia and requires immediate medical attention.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is B. Decreased stroke volume.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.
The contractile strength of the myocardium determines how much blood is ejected with each beat.As people age, the myocardium becomes less elastic and less responsive to catecholamines, which can reduce the contractile force and lower the stroke volume.
Choice A is wrong because increased heart rate is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased responsiveness of the baroreceptors, which regulate blood pressure.Older adults may have higher resting heart rates and lower maximum heart rates than younger adults.
Choice C is wrong because increased cardiac output is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the increased blood volume and cardiac workload that may occur with aging.Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, so a lower stroke volume would tend to decrease cardiac output.
Choice D is wrong because decreased peripheral resistance is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased elasticity and increased stiffness of the arterial walls that may occur with aging.
Peripheral resistance is the opposition to blood flow caused by friction between the blood and the vessel walls.A higher peripheral resistance would increase the afterload on the heart and reduce the stroke volume.
Normal ranges for stroke volume are 60 to 100 mL/beat for men and 50 to 90 mL/beat for women.
Normal ranges for heart rate are 60 to 100 beats per minute for adults.
Normal ranges for cardiac output are 4 to 8 L/min for adults.
Normal ranges for peripheral resistance are 800 to 1200 dynes/sec/cm-for adults.
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