A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is 80 years old.The nurse notes that the client has low levels of iron, calcium and vitamin B12. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of this finding?

“I need to eat more foods that are rich in these nutrients.”.

“I need to take supplements to correct these deficiencies.”.

“I need to increase my intake of gastric acid inhibitors.”.

“I need to reduce my consumption of dairy products.”.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

The correct answer is A.

“I need to eat more foods that are rich in these nutrients.” This statement indicates that the client understands that low levels of iron, calcium and vitamin B12 can be caused by inadequate dietary intake of these nutrients. Iron, calcium and vitamin B12 are mainly found in animal-based foods, such as meat, eggs, milk and cheese. A diet lacking in these foods can lead to vitamin deficiency anemia, which is a condition where the body produces fewer and larger red blood cells that cannot carry enough oxygen.

Choice B is wrong because supplements may not be necessary or sufficient to correct these deficiencies.

Supplements can also interact with other medications or have side effects. The client should consult with their healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Choice C is wrong because gastric acid inhibitors can actually worsen vitamin B12 deficiency.

Gastric acid inhibitors are medications that reduce the amount of stomach acid produced. However, stomach acid is needed to release vitamin B12 from food and to help it bind to a protein called intrinsic factor, which is essential for its absorption in the intestines.

Therefore, taking gastric acid inhibitors can impair vitamin B12 absorption and lead to deficiency.

Choice D is wrong because reducing dairy consumption can further lower calcium intake.

Dairy products are a good source of calcium, which is a mineral that helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth. Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, which is a condition where the bones become weak and brittle.

Normal ranges for iron, calcium and vitamin B12 in the blood are:.

• Iron: 50 to 170 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL) for men; 40 to 150 mcg/dL for women.

• Calcium: 8.5 to 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

• Vitamin B12: 200 to 900 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL).

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The correct answer is B. Decreased stroke volume.

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

The contractile strength of the myocardium determines how much blood is ejected with each beat.As people age, the myocardium becomes less elastic and less responsive to catecholamines, which can reduce the contractile force and lower the stroke volume.

Choice A is wrong because increased heart rate is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased responsiveness of the baroreceptors, which regulate blood pressure.Older adults may have higher resting heart rates and lower maximum heart rates than younger adults.

Choice C is wrong because increased cardiac output is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the increased blood volume and cardiac workload that may occur with aging.Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, so a lower stroke volume would tend to decrease cardiac output.

Choice D is wrong because decreased peripheral resistance is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased elasticity and increased stiffness of the arterial walls that may occur with aging.

Peripheral resistance is the opposition to blood flow caused by friction between the blood and the vessel walls.A higher peripheral resistance would increase the afterload on the heart and reduce the stroke volume.

Normal ranges for stroke volume are 60 to 100 mL/beat for men and 50 to 90 mL/beat for women.

Normal ranges for heart rate are 60 to 100 beats per minute for adults.

Normal ranges for cardiac output are 4 to 8 L/min for adults.

Normal ranges for peripheral resistance are 800 to 1200 dynes/sec/cm-for adults.

A. “Your respiratory muscle strength may decrease as you age.”. B. “Your lung tissue may become less elastic and more rigid over time.”. C. “Your cough reflex and gag reflex may become weaker with age.”. D. “Your vital capacity may increase and your residual volume may decrease as you age.”. E. “Your ciliary action and mucus production may decrease with age.”.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

The correct answer is A, B, C, and E.These statements reflect the respiratory system changes that occur with aging, such as decreased respiratory muscle strength, decreased lung elasticity and recoil, decreased cough and gag reflexes, and decreased ciliary action and mucus production.

These changes can impair gas exchange, increase the risk of infections, and reduce exercise capacity.

Choice D is wrong because it states the opposite of what happens with aging.

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.With aging, vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases due to the loss of lung elasticity and airway closure.

This reduces the amount of fresh air that can enter the lungs and increases the amount of stale air that remains in the lungs.

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A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is 80 years old.The nurse notes that the client has low levels of iron, calcium and vitamin B12. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of this finding?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is assessing a client who is 75 years old. Which of the following findings is most likely related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium in older adults?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the respiratory system changes that occur with aging. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.).

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

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