A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is 80 years old.The nurse notes that the client has low levels of iron, calcium and vitamin B12. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of this finding?
“I need to eat more foods that are rich in these nutrients.”.
“I need to take supplements to correct these deficiencies.”.
“I need to increase my intake of gastric acid inhibitors.”.
“I need to reduce my consumption of dairy products.”.
The Correct Answer is A
The correct answer is A.
“I need to eat more foods that are rich in these nutrients.” This statement indicates that the client understands that low levels of iron, calcium and vitamin B12 can be caused by inadequate dietary intake of these nutrients. Iron, calcium and vitamin B12 are mainly found in animal-based foods, such as meat, eggs, milk and cheese. A diet lacking in these foods can lead to vitamin deficiency anemia, which is a condition where the body produces fewer and larger red blood cells that cannot carry enough oxygen.
Choice B is wrong because supplements may not be necessary or sufficient to correct these deficiencies.
Supplements can also interact with other medications or have side effects. The client should consult with their healthcare provider before taking any supplements.
Choice C is wrong because gastric acid inhibitors can actually worsen vitamin B12 deficiency.
Gastric acid inhibitors are medications that reduce the amount of stomach acid produced. However, stomach acid is needed to release vitamin B12 from food and to help it bind to a protein called intrinsic factor, which is essential for its absorption in the intestines.
Therefore, taking gastric acid inhibitors can impair vitamin B12 absorption and lead to deficiency.
Choice D is wrong because reducing dairy consumption can further lower calcium intake.
Dairy products are a good source of calcium, which is a mineral that helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth. Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, which is a condition where the bones become weak and brittle.
Normal ranges for iron, calcium and vitamin B12 in the blood are:.
• Iron: 50 to 170 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL) for men; 40 to 150 mcg/dL for women.
• Calcium: 8.5 to 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
• Vitamin B12: 200 to 900 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL).
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Instruct the client to tuck their chin when swallowing.
This action helps to prevent aspiration by closing off the airway and directing food and liquid into the esophagus.It also reduces the risk of food getting stuck in the throat or chest.
Choice A is wrong because thin liquids are more difficult to swallow and control for clients who have dysphagia due to decreased esophageal motility.They can easily enter the airway and cause choking or pneumonia.
Choice C is wrong because hot or spicy foods can irritate the esophagus and worsen the symptoms of dysphagia.They can also trigger reflux, which can damage the esophageal lining and cause narrowing or inflammation.
Choice D is wrong because elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees during meals is not enough to prevent aspiration or regurgitation.The client should be sitting upright at 90 degrees or higher to facilitate swallowing and gravity.
Normal ranges for esophageal motility are:.
• Lower esophageal sphincter pressure: 10 to 45 mm Hg.
• Peristaltic amplitude: 30 to 180 mm Hg.
• Peristaltic duration: 2.5 to 6 seconds.
• Peristaltic velocity: 2 to 4.5 cm/s.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
The correct answer isD.
Decreased perspiration.This is because the sweat glands become less active with aging, resulting in reduced sweating and dryness of the skin.Decreased perspiration can also affect the body’s ability to regulate its temperature and may cause heat intolerance.
Choice A is wrong becauseincreased skin vascularityis not a normal age-related change in the integumentary system.In fact, the blood vessels in the skin become thinner and less elastic, resulting in decreased perfusion and a paler skin tone.
Choice B is wrong becausedecreased skin fragilityis not a normal age-related change in the integumentary system.On the contrary, the skin becomes thinner, less elastic, and more prone to splitting, cracking, and infections due to reduced collagen and elastin production, decreased mitosis in the epidermis, and lowered immunity.
Choice C is wrong becauseincreased sebaceous gland activityis not a normal age-related change in the integumentary system.Rather, the sebaceous glands produce less sebum, which contributes to the dryness and loss of moisture in the skin.
Normal ranges for some of the parameters related to the integumentary system are:.
• Skin thickness: varies depending on body location, but generally ranges from 0.5 mm to 4 mm.
• Skin elasticity: measured by the Cutometer device, which uses negative pressure to lift the skin and calculate its elasticity.
A higher value indicates more elastic skin.The average elasticity value for young adults is 0.82, while for older adults it is 0.57.
• Skin moisture: measured by the Corneometer device, which uses electrical capacitance to assess the hydration level of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the skin).
A higher value indicates more hydrated skin.The average moisture value for young adults is 62.8, while for older adults it is 51.3.
• Perspiration: measured by the Evaporimeter device, which uses a humidity sensor to detect the amount of water vapor lost from the skin surface.
A higher value indicates more perspiration.The average perspiration value for young adults is 13.9 g/m2/h, while for older adults it is 9.8 g/m2/h.
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