A nurse is administering medications to a client who is 65 years old. The nurse knows that older adults are at increased risk for adverse drug reactions due to which of the following physiological changes?
Increased renal clearance
Increased plasma protein levels.
Decreased liver function.
Decreased blood-brain barrier.
The Correct Answer is C
The correct answer is C.
Decreased liver function. Older adults are at increased risk for adverse drug reactions due to various physiological changes that affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. One of these changes is the reduction in liver blood flow, size, drug-metabolizing enzyme content and function. This can result in slower or decreased metabolism of drugs, leading to higher plasma concentrations and increased risk of toxicity.
Choice A is wrong because older adults have decreased renal clearance, not increased. This means that drugs that are eliminated by the kidneys may accumulate in the body and cause adverse effects.
Choice B is wrong because older adults have decreased plasma protein levels, not increased. This means that drugs that are bound to plasma proteins may have higher free fractions and increased pharmacological effects.
Choice D is wrong because older adults have increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, not decreased. This means that drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier may have enhanced central nervous system effects in older adults.
Normal ranges for liver function tests vary depending on the laboratory and the method used, but some common values are:.
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 7-55 U/L.
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 8-48 U/L.
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 45-115 U/L.
• Total bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL.
• Albumin: 3.5-5 g/dL.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The correct answer is A.“I may notice my hair becoming thinner and grayer as I age.” This statement reflects the common changes in hair that occur with aging, such as reduced melanin production, slower growth rate, and smaller hair strands.
Choice B is wrong because nails do not grow faster and stronger with age, but rather more slowly and may become dull and brittle.
Choice C is wrong because hair does not become more oily and curly with age, but rather drier and finer.
Choice D is wrong because nails do not become smoother and shinier with age, but rather yellowed and opaque.
Normal ranges for hair and nail growth vary depending on factors such as genetics, nutrition, health conditions, and environmental exposure.
However, some general estimates are:.
• Fingernails grow about 3 mm per month and toenails grow about 1 mm per month.
• Hair grows about 0.5 inches per month and loses about 50 to 100 strands per day.
• Hair color changes from about 30% gray at age 50 to about 50% gray at age 70.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Instruct the client to tuck their chin when swallowing.
This action helps to prevent aspiration by closing off the airway and directing food and liquid into the esophagus.It also reduces the risk of food getting stuck in the throat or chest.
Choice A is wrong because thin liquids are more difficult to swallow and control for clients who have dysphagia due to decreased esophageal motility.They can easily enter the airway and cause choking or pneumonia.
Choice C is wrong because hot or spicy foods can irritate the esophagus and worsen the symptoms of dysphagia.They can also trigger reflux, which can damage the esophageal lining and cause narrowing or inflammation.
Choice D is wrong because elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees during meals is not enough to prevent aspiration or regurgitation.The client should be sitting upright at 90 degrees or higher to facilitate swallowing and gravity.
Normal ranges for esophageal motility are:.
• Lower esophageal sphincter pressure: 10 to 45 mm Hg.
• Peristaltic amplitude: 30 to 180 mm Hg.
• Peristaltic duration: 2.5 to 6 seconds.
• Peristaltic velocity: 2 to 4.5 cm/s.
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