A nurse is assessing a client who is 75 years old. Which of the following findings is most likely related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium in older adults?

Increased heart rate

Decreased stroke volume

Increased cardiac output.

Decreased peripheral resistance.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

The correct answer is B. Decreased stroke volume.

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

The contractile strength of the myocardium determines how much blood is ejected with each beat. As people age, the myocardium becomes less elastic and less responsive to catecholamines, which can reduce the contractile force and lower the stroke volume.

Choice A is wrong because increased heart rate is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased responsiveness of the baroreceptors, which regulate blood pressure. Older adults may have higher resting heart rates and lower maximum heart rates than younger adults.

Choice C is wrong because increased cardiac output is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the increased blood volume and cardiac workload that may occur with aging. Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, so a lower stroke volume would tend to decrease cardiac output.

Choice D is wrong because decreased peripheral resistance is not related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium, but rather to the decreased elasticity and increased stiffness of the arterial walls that may occur with aging.

Peripheral resistance is the opposition to blood flow caused by friction between the blood and the vessel walls. A higher peripheral resistance would increase the afterload on the heart and reduce the stroke volume.

Normal ranges for stroke volume are 60 to 100 mL/beat for men and 50 to 90 mL/beat for women.

Normal ranges for heart rate are 60 to 100 beats per minute for adults.

Normal ranges for cardiac output are 4 to 8 L/min for adults.

Normal ranges for peripheral resistance are 800 to 1200 dynes/sec/cm- for adults.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Instruct the client to tuck their chin when swallowing.

This action helps to prevent aspiration by closing off the airway and directing food and liquid into the esophagus.It also reduces the risk of food getting stuck in the throat or chest.

Choice A is wrong because thin liquids are more difficult to swallow and control for clients who have dysphagia due to decreased esophageal motility.They can easily enter the airway and cause choking or pneumonia.

Choice C is wrong because hot or spicy foods can irritate the esophagus and worsen the symptoms of dysphagia.They can also trigger reflux, which can damage the esophageal lining and cause narrowing or inflammation.

Choice D is wrong because elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees during meals is not enough to prevent aspiration or regurgitation.The client should be sitting upright at 90 degrees or higher to facilitate swallowing and gravity.

Normal ranges for esophageal motility are:.

• Lower esophageal sphincter pressure: 10 to 45 mm Hg.

• Peristaltic amplitude: 30 to 180 mm Hg.

• Peristaltic duration: 2.5 to 6 seconds.

• Peristaltic velocity: 2 to 4.5 cm/s.

A. “Your respiratory muscle strength may decrease as you age.”. B. “Your lung tissue may become less elastic and more rigid over time.”. C. “Your cough reflex and gag reflex may become weaker with age.”. D. “Your vital capacity may increase and your residual volume may decrease as you age.”. E. “Your ciliary action and mucus production may decrease with age.”.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

The correct answer is A, B, C, and E.These statements reflect the respiratory system changes that occur with aging, such as decreased respiratory muscle strength, decreased lung elasticity and recoil, decreased cough and gag reflexes, and decreased ciliary action and mucus production.

These changes can impair gas exchange, increase the risk of infections, and reduce exercise capacity.

Choice D is wrong because it states the opposite of what happens with aging.

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.With aging, vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases due to the loss of lung elasticity and airway closure.

This reduces the amount of fresh air that can enter the lungs and increases the amount of stale air that remains in the lungs.

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A nurse is assessing a client who is 75 years old. Which of the following findings is most likely related to the decreased contractile strength of the myocardium in older adults?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has dysphagia due to decreased esophageal motility. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the respiratory system changes that occur with aging. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.).

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

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