A nurse is teaching a class about the interlocking principles of shared governance. Which of the following principles should the nurse include?

(Select All that Apply.)

A. This is a characteristic of laissez-faire leaders. They tend to allow staff members to handle problems and make decisions independently without direct intervention or guidance. This style is characterized by minimal supervision and a high degree of autonomy for team members.
B. This is also a characteristic of laissez-faire leaders. By giving staff the freedom to make decisions, laissez-faire leaders empower their team members to take charge of their own work and decision- making processes. This approach is based on trust and a belief in the competence of the staff.
C. This is not a characteristic of laissez-faire leadership. Strict enforcement of rules is more aligned with a bureaucratic or authoritarian leadership style, where leaders impose and uphold strict guidelines and standards to ensure compliance. Laissez-faire leaders, in contrast, provide less oversight and are not focused on strict rule enforcement.
D. This is not a characteristic of laissez-faire leaders. Using rewards or punishments to encourage compliance is more characteristic of transactional leadership. Laissez-faire leaders typically avoid actively managing or intervening in the work of their staff, focusing instead on providing autonomy rather than using incentives or disciplinary actions to manage performance.
E. This is not a characteristic of laissez-faire leaders. While laissez-faire leaders give staff members the freedom to make decisions, they are often not involved in or responsible for the outcomes of those decisions. This leadership style involves delegating responsibility to team members and allowing them to manage their own work, which includes being accountable for their decisions.

A. Blood pressure is a measurable physiological parameter that can be accurately recorded by the nurse using a sphygmomanometer. It provides concrete evidence of the client’s current condition compared to their preoperative baseline.
B. The swelling and warmth of the calf are observable and measurable physical signs that the nurse can assess through physical examination. These findings can be documented and evaluated independently of the client's personal feelings or reports.
C. Nausea is a symptom experienced and reported by the client. It cannot be directly measured or observed by the nurse but rather is based on the client's personal sensations and experiences.
D. Pain is a personal experience and is reported by the client. The description of pain, including its intensity and quality, is based on the client's own perception and cannot be directly measured by the nurse.
E. Urine output is a quantifiable measurement that can be recorded and assessed by the nurse. It
provides concrete information about the client’s fluid balance and renal function over a specific period.