A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has atrial fibrillation and reports dizziness and palpitations. Which of the following should the nurse understand is the cause of these manifestations?

The heart's electrical transmission through the atrioventricular (AV) node is unusually slow.

The heart's electrical signals are rapid, chaotic, and irregular.

An early electrical signal occurs before the expected sinoatrial (SA) node signal.

The SA node sends an electrical signal greater than 100/min.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. The heart's electrical transmission through the atrioventricular (AV) node is unusually slow: This statement does not align with the manifestations of dizziness and palpitations in atrial fibrillation. A slow conduction through the AV node would typically manifest as bradycardia or heart block rather than rapid and irregular palpitations.

B. The heart's electrical signals are rapid, chaotic, and irregular: This is the correct answer. Atrial fibrillation is characterized by rapid, chaotic, and irregular electrical signals in the atria, leading to ineffective atrial contractions and an irregular ventricular response. The irregularity and rapidity of the heart rate can lead to symptoms such as palpitations and dizziness.

C. An early electrical signal occurs before the expected sinoatrial (SA) node signal: This statement does not accurately describe the mechanism of atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation involves disorganized electrical activity in the atria, rather than a single early electrical signal.

D. The SA node sends an electrical signal greater than 100/min: While a heart rate greater than 100/min (tachycardia) is commonly associated with atrial fibrillation, this statement does not fully explain the manifestations of dizziness and palpitations. These symptoms are more directly related to the irregularity and chaotic nature of the heart's electrical signals in atrial fibrillation.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. People who abstain from alcohol: Abstaining from alcohol does not necessarily increase the risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In fact, excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of falls and accidents leading to TBIs, but abstaining from alcohol itself is not a risk factor for TBI.

B. People who live in rural areas: Living in rural areas may be associated with certain risk factors for TBIs, such as increased rates of motor vehicle accidents due to factors like higher speed limits and longer distances traveled. However, it is not a direct cause of TBIs.

C. People who play contact sports: Engaging in contact sports, such as football, soccer, or rugby, poses a higher risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury due to the potential for collisions, falls, and impacts during gameplay.

D. People who are in their 30's: While traumatic brain injuries can occur at any age, individuals who are involved in activities with a higher risk of head injuries, such as contact sports or high-risk occupations, may be more prone to TBIs regardless of their age. Age alone is not a significant risk factor for TBIs.

A. "Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs." B. "Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood." C. "Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure." D. "Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs." This statement inaccurately describes venous insufficiency rather than peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In PAD, blood flow is reduced or obstructed due to atherosclerosis, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to tissues rather than pooling of blood in the legs.

B. "Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood." This statement correctly explains the underlying pathology of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis, characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrows or blocks blood flow, impairing the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. This can result in symptoms such as pain, cramping, and tissue damage, especially during activity when oxygen demand increases.

C. "Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure." This statement describes venous insufficiency rather than PAD. In venous insufficiency, faulty valves in the veins result in increased venous pressure, leading to symptoms such as swelling, heaviness, and varicose veins, but it does not involve arterial obstruction as seen in PAD.

D. "Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract." This statement describes a condition related to the heart's function rather than peripheral arterial disease. Excessive stretching of the ventricles may occur in conditions such as heart failure, but it does not directly affect blood flow in the peripheral arteries as seen in PAD.

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A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has atrial fibrillation and reports dizziness and palpitations. Which of the following should the nurse understand is the cause of these manifestations?

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Correct Answer is B

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