A nurse is educating the family of a client who has Alzheimer's disease. The nurse should be sure to communicate that which of the following behavioral manifestations can occur in clients with Alzheimer’s disease? (Select All that Apply.)

A. Administer pain medication as needed. Rationale: Pain management is essential for clients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to ensure their comfort and to prevent agitation or increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to pain. Administering pain medication as needed helps alleviate discomfort and promotes rest, which supports the client's recovery.

B. Maintain ventriculostomy at the correct position. Rationale: Ventriculostomy, also known as an external ventricular drain (EVD), is a critical component of managing intracranial pressure (ICP) in clients with traumatic brain injury. Maintaining the ventriculostomy at the correct position ensures accurate monitoring and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which helps control ICP levels and prevents complications such as cerebral edema.

C. Maintain the neck in the midline position. Rationale: Keeping the neck in a midline position is essential for clients with traumatic brain injury to prevent further injury to the cervical spine. Proper alignment of the neck helps maintain spinal stability and reduces the risk of exacerbating any existing spinal cord injury, which may coexist with the traumatic brain injury.

D. Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees. Rationale: Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees is recommended for clients with traumatic brain injury to promote cerebral venous drainage and reduce intracranial pressure (ICP). This position helps optimize cerebral perfusion and minimizes the risk of cerebral edema, which can occur with increased ICP.

E. Maintain enteral feedings. Rationale: Nutritional support is crucial for clients with traumatic brain injury to support healing and recovery. Enteral feedings, such as tube feedings, may be necessary if the client is unable to consume adequate nutrition orally due to impaired swallowing or altered consciousness. Providing enteral feedings ensures the client receives essential nutrients to support tissue repair and prevent malnutrition-related complications during the recovery process.

A. Diabetes mellitus: An inverse association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) risk hasbeen reported. Apart from a lower AAA prevalence among patients with vsthose without DM, there isdata showing that DM may exert a protective role on aneurysmal growth in patients with small AAAs, thus decreasing the risk of rupture. As atherosclerosis has almost the same risk factors as aneurysms, the decreased AAA prevalence in patients with DM may indicate that atherosclerosis is an associated feature and not a cause of the aneurysms.

B. Total cholesterol 170 mg/dL (less than 200 mg/dL): While elevated total cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is not specifically listed as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, dyslipidemia, including elevated total cholesterol levels, can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, which is a risk factor for AAA.

C. HDL cholesterol 65 mg/dL (male greater than 45 mg/dL; female greater than 55 mg/dL): High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels greater than 65 mg/dL are not listed as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, low levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which may indirectly contribute to the development of AAA through the promotion of atherosclerosis.

D. Smoking cigarettes: Smoking cigarettes is a significant modifiable risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Smoking damages the walls of blood vessels, promotes inflammation, and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of AAA formation and rupture.

E. Family history of aneurysm: A family history of aneurysm, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), is a risk factor for developing AAA. Genetic factors can predispose individuals to the development of aneurysms, and a positive family history increases the likelihood of AAA occurrence.