A nurse is providing education to a client about renal calculi. The client asks, "What are renal calculi?" What is the nurse's best response?

A. Excessive water intake is not a risk factor for kidney stones. In fact, adequate hydration is encouraged to prevent kidney stone formation.

B. Low dietary calcium intake is not a common risk factor for kidney stones. In some cases, excessive calcium supplementation may be a risk factor, but dietary calcium is generally not a concern.

C. This is the correct answer. Family history, a diet high in protein and salt, and dehydration are common risk factors for kidney stones.

D. Kidney stones are not mostly caused by consuming too many fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are generally considered beneficial for kidney health.

A. Limiting fluid intake to 1 liter per day is not recommended to prevent kidney stone formation. Adequate hydration is essential to

help prevent stone formation, as it helps dilute the urine and reduce the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.

B. Decreasing dietary fiber intake is not a preventive measure for kidney stones. In fact, increasing dietary fiber intake can be beneficial for overall health.

C. Reducing calcium intake from all sources is not recommended to prevent kidney stones. In some cases, reducing dietary calcium intake can actually increase the risk of certain types of kidney stones.

D. This is the correct answer. Increasing citric acid intake can help prevent certain types of kidney stones, such as calcium oxalate stones. Citric acid helps to bind calcium in the urine, reducing the risk of stone formation. Citric acid can be found in citrus fruits and juices, and the nurse may advise the client to include more of these foods in their diet.