A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has a history of recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?

Take 3,000 mg of vitamin C daily.

Drink 3 L of fluid every day.

Eat 12 oz of animal protein daily.

Restrict calcium intake to one serving per day.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Taking 3,000 mg of vitamin C daily is not recommended as it may increase the risk of calcium oxalate stones due to possible conversion of vitamin C to oxalate.

Choice B reason: Drinking 3 L of fluid every day is advised to prevent kidney stones by diluting the urine and reducing the concentration of stone-forming substances.

Choice C reason: Eating 12 oz of animal protein daily is excessive and can increase the risk of kidney stones due to higher excretion of calcium and oxalate.

Choice D reason: Restricting calcium intake to one serving per day is not recommended as a normal calcium intake is necessary to bind oxalate in the gut and reduce oxalate absorption.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Metastasis refers to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to distant organs or tissues. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to the formation of secondary tumors in other parts of the body.

Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect because metastasis, by definition, involves the spread of cancer cells to multiple locations, not their confinement to a single area.

Choice C reason: The description provided in this choice is more indicative of metaplasia, which is a change in the type of cells, and not metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells.

Choice D reason: This choice is incorrect as it does not describe metastasis. Cancer cells do not stop growing because they run out of space; they continue to proliferate and can invade other tissues.

A. Diuretic use B. Hypocalcemia C. Family history D. BMI less than 25

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Diuretic use, especially thiazide diuretics, can lead to increased calcium in the urine, which is a risk

factor for the development of calcium stones.

Choice B reason: Hypocalcemia is not typically associated with an increased risk of urolithiasis. In fact, hypercalcemia can be a risk factor due to increased calcium excretion.

Choice C reason: A family history of kidney stones is a known risk factor for urolithiasis, as genetic factors can in?uence stone formation.

Choice D reason: A BMI less than 25 is generally not considered a risk factor for urolithiasis; higher BMI levels have been associated with an increased risk.

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A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has a history of recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?

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