A nurse is caring for a client in the emergency department with a diagnosis of renal calculi. Which of the following areas of the renal system do most renal calculi begin forming?

Bladder

Renal papilla

Ureter

Urethra

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: The bladder is not where renal calculi typically begin to form; it is where they may end up if they travel down from the kidneys.

Choice B reason: Renal calculi commonly begin forming at the renal papilla, which is part of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter.

Choice C reason: The ureter is not the typical starting point for the formation of renal calculi, though stones can travel through it.

Choice D reason: The urethra is not a common site for the formation of renal calculi; it is the duct through which urine is discharged.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Air embolism is a potential complication during hemodialysis, but it would likely present with more acute symptoms such as chest pain or difficulty breathing.

Choice B reason: Septicemia would typically present with fever and hypotension, not necessarily with headache, nausea, and restlessness.

Choice C reason: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome can occur after hemodialysis, especially after the first treatment, and is characterized by symptoms such as headache, nausea, and restlessness.

Choice D reason: Peritonitis is a complication associated with peritoneal dialysis, not hemodialysis.

A. Metastasis occurs when cancerous growths are located in the kidneys and also in another part of the body. B. Metastasis means a group of abnormal kidney cells is localized to a single location. C. Metastasis is when a group of kidney cells have changed to more closely resemble intestinal cells. D. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells grow until they run out of space and stop growing.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Metastasis refers to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to distant organs or tissues. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to the formation of secondary tumors in other parts of the body.

Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect because metastasis, by definition, involves the spread of cancer cells to multiple locations, not their confinement to a single area.

Choice C reason: The description provided in this choice is more indicative of metaplasia, which is a change in the type of cells, and not metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells.

Choice D reason: This choice is incorrect as it does not describe metastasis. Cancer cells do not stop growing because they run out of space; they continue to proliferate and can invade other tissues.

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A nurse is caring for a client in the emergency department with a diagnosis of renal calculi. Which of the following areas of the renal system do most renal calculi begin forming?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client following his first hemodialysis treatment. The client reports a headache, nausea, and restlessness. The nurse should identify these findings as manifestations of which of the following complications?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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