A nurse is caring for a client in the emergency department with a diagnosis of renal calculi. Which of the following areas of the renal system do most renal calculi begin forming?

Bladder

Renal papilla

Ureter

Urethra

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: The bladder is not where renal calculi typically begin to form; it is where they may end up if they travel down from the kidneys.

Choice B reason: Renal calculi commonly begin forming at the renal papilla, which is part of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter.

Choice C reason: The ureter is not the typical starting point for the formation of renal calculi, though stones can travel through it.

Choice D reason: The urethra is not a common site for the formation of renal calculi; it is the duct through which urine is discharged.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Fever can occur if the renal calculus leads to infection, which is a common complication associated with kidney stones.

Choice B reason: Urinary urgency is a symptom that can be associated with renal calculi, especially if the stones are

located in the lower part of the urinary tract.

Choice C reason: Incontinence is not typically a direct symptom of renal calculi, but it may occur secondary to other symptoms or complications.

Choice D reason: Gastrointestinal upset is not a common symptom of renal calculus, although some patients may experience nausea and vomiting.

Choice E reason: Flank pain is a classic symptom of renal calculus, often described as severe and colicky, radiating from the back towards the groin.

A. pH 7.26, HCO3 24, PaCO2 46 B. pH 7.49, HCO3 30, PaCO2 40 C. pH 7.49, HCO3 24, PaCO2 30 D. pH 7.26, HCO3 14, PaCO2 30

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: A pH of 7.26 indicates acidosis, but an HCO3 of 24 and PaCO2 of 46 suggest a respiratory cause rather than metabolic, which is not typical for AKI.

Choice B reason: A pH of 7.49 indicates alkalosis, and with an HCO3 of 30 and PaCO2 of 40, this suggests metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in AKI.

Choice C reason: A pH of 7.49 indicates alkalosis. An HCO3 of 24 is normal, and a PaCO2 of 30 would suggest respiratory alkalosis, not typically associated with AKI.

Choice D reason: A pH of 7.26 indicates acidosis, and with an HCO3 of 14, this suggests metabolic acidosis, which is consistent with AKI. The PaCO2 of 30 indicates a compensatory respiratory response to the metabolic acidosis. This ABG result aligns with the expected findings in a patient with AKI, where there is an accumulation of acids and a decrease in bicarbonate due to the kidneys' inability to filter and excrete hydrogen ions effectively.

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A nurse is caring for a client in the emergency department with a diagnosis of renal calculi. Which of the following areas of the renal system do most renal calculi begin forming?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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