A nurse is explaining the musculoskeletal changes during pregnancy to a group of expectant mothers.
Which change alters the center of gravity and posture of the body?
Increased joint laxity.
Increased spinal curvature.
Increased muscle strain.
Decreased muscle strength.
The Correct Answer is B
This change alters the center of gravity and posture of the body because the uterus expands and shifts higher as the fetus grows during pregnancy.
This causes an increased strain on the muscles and ligaments supporting the vertebral column and leads to lower back pain.
Choice A is wrong because increased joint laxity does not alter the center of gravity and posture of the body.
It is caused by hormonal changes that loosen the ligaments throughout the body, resulting in decreased stability of the joints.
Choice C is wrong because increased muscle strain does not alter the center of gravity and posture of the body.
It is a consequence of the shift in the center of gravity and the weight gain during pregnancy, which put more pressure on the back muscles.
Choice D is wrong because decreased muscle strength does not alter the center of gravity and posture of the body.
It is not a common musculoskeletal change during pregnancy, although some women may experience fatigue or weakness due to hormonal changes or anemia.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Prolactin is a hormone that is responsible for inhibiting ovulation and stimulating milk production during pregnancy.
It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and increases throughout pregnancy.
Choice A is wrong because hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is a hormone that is produced by the placenta and maintains the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen.
hCG does not inhibit ovulation or stimulate milk production.
Choice B is wrong because progesterone is a hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta and supports the endometrium, prevents uterine contractions, and prepares the breasts for lactation.
Progesterone does not inhibit ovulation or stimulate milk production.
Choice C is wrong because estrogen is a hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta and stimulates uterine growth, blood flow, and breast duct development.
Estrogen does not inhibit ovulation or stimulate milk production.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Increased glomerular filtration rate.
This is because during pregnancy, the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate increase to meet the increased metabolic demands of the mother and fetus.
This can result in increased urinary protein excretion, which is usually mild and does not indicate renal damage.
Choice A is wrong because decreased glomerular permeability would reduce the amount of protein that can pass through the glomerulus and into the urine.
Choice B is wrong because decreased protein intake would not affect the urinary protein levels, unless the intake is severely deficient.
Choice D is wrong because increased tubular reabsorption would decrease the amount of protein that is excreted in the urine, as the tubules would reabsorb more protein from the filtrate and return it to the blood.
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