A nurse is collecting data from a client about range-of-motion for various joints. Which of the following should the nurse identify as an example of a ball and socket joint?

A. Placing the client in an orthopneic position is correct. The orthopneic position (sitting upright and leaning forward. helps clients with COPD breathe more easily by maximizing lung expansion and easing the work of breathing. This position is often used in clients with chronic respiratory conditions to alleviate dyspnea.

B. Providing the client with three large meals is incorrect. Clients with COPD may have difficulty eating large meals because it can interfere with breathing due to increased diaphragm pressure. Instead, small, frequent meals are recommended to reduce the workload on the respiratory system.

C. Encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe once every 8 hr is incorrect. In clients with COPD, frequent coughing and deep breathing exercises are important to promote airway clearance and lung expansion. The nurse should encourage these activities more often than every 8 hours, especially to help clear mucus.

D. Limiting fluid intake to 1,000 ml daily is incorrect. Adequate hydration is essential in COPD clients to help thin secretions and promote easier expectoration. A restriction on fluids could lead to thickened mucus and worsened respiratory status.

A. Measure the client's abdominal girth daily is correct. Ascites is characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdomen. Measuring abdominal girth regularly is important for monitoring changes in the amount of fluid retention and for assessing the progression of ascites. It is a standard nursing intervention for clients with this condition.

B. Keep the client's daily protein intake below 0.8 g/kg is incorrect. Protein intake should not be restricted to this extent. In fact, adequate protein is important for liver health and to prevent muscle wasting in clients with cirrhosis, unless there are complications such as hepatic encephalopathy.

C. Restrict the client's sodium intake to 3 g per day is incorrect. Sodium intake is typically restricted more severely for clients with ascites. The general recommendation is often less than 2 g per day to help prevent fluid retention and reduce the burden on the heart and kidneys.

D. Position the client supine with legs elevated is incorrect. While elevating the legs can help reduce edema in the legs, positioning the client supine does not provide the same benefit for ascites. Side-lying with legs elevated or sitting with the legs elevated may be more beneficial.