A nurse is caring for a client in the clinic who has a distended bladder with discomfort over the area and a sense of fullness. Which of the following tests should the nurse expect the health care provider to order to determine if the client has urinary retention? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Hyperkalemia refers to high potassium levels, which may not directly cause shortness of breath and swelling.

Choice B reason: Hypervolemia, or fluid overload, is likely the cause of the client's symptoms, including shortness of breath, swelling, crackles in the lungs, and elevated blood pressure.

Choice C reason: Hypovolemia, or fluid deficit, would not typically present with swelling and crackles in the lungs.

Choice D reason: Hyponatremia refers to low sodium levels, which may not directly cause the symptoms described.

Choice A reason: Metastasis refers to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to distant organs or tissues. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to the formation of secondary tumors in other parts of the body.

Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect because metastasis, by definition, involves the spread of cancer cells to multiple locations, not their confinement to a single area.

Choice C reason: The description provided in this choice is more indicative of metaplasia, which is a change in the type of cells, and not metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells.

Choice D reason: This choice is incorrect as it does not describe metastasis. Cancer cells do not stop growing because they run out of space; they continue to proliferate and can invade other tissues.