A nurse is caring for a client in the clinic who has a distended bladder with discomfort over the area and a sense of fullness. Which of the following tests should the nurse expect the health care provider to order to determine if the client has urinary retention? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: A diet high in calcium oxalate-rich foods should be avoided as it can contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Choice B reason: Continuing prescribed gout medication is important, but it does not directly prevent the formation of renal calculi unless the medication is specifically for reducing uric acid levels.

Choice C reason: Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, is one of the most effective ways to prevent the recurrence of renal calculi by diluting the urine and reducing the concentration of stone-forming minerals.

Choice D reason: A diet high in purine-rich foods can increase the risk of uric acid stones and should be avoided, especially in patients with gout and a history of renal calculi.

Choice A reason: Iron deficiency is not typically associated with an increased risk of renal calculi. Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are generally composed of minerals such as calcium, oxalate, urate, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate.

Choice B reason: While protein in the urine, or proteinuria, may indicate kidney disease, it is not a direct risk factor for the formation of renal calculi. However, excessive dietary protein intake can increase the risk of stone formation.

Choice C reason: Dehydration is a significant risk factor for renal calculi. Insufficient fluid intake leads to concentrated urine, which can promote the crystallization and aggregation of stone-forming substances.

Choice D reason: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of renal calculi. Higher body mass index (BMI) can lead to changes in urine that promote the formation of stones.