A nurse is caring for a child who is postoperative following surgical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication of heart failure?

Choice A reason: The concrete operational phase typically begins around age 7 and is characterized by the development of logical thought about concrete events. This phase is not typical for preschoolers, who are usually between the ages of 3 and 5.

Choice B reason: The formal operational phase usually starts at age 11 or older. It involves abstract thinking and the ability to systematically plan for the future, which is beyond the cognitive abilities of a preschooler.

Choice C reason: The preoperational phase occurs from ages 2 to 7. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic.

Choice D reason: The sensorimotor phase is from birth to about age 2. During this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions, such as looking and touching. Preschoolers have typically moved beyond this phase.

Choice A reason: A 24-gauge catheter is appropriate for a small and fragile vein of a 12-month-old infant. It minimizes the risk of damaging the vein and ensures the comfort of the infant during IV therapy.

Choice B reason: Starting an IV in the infant's foot is not the first choice due to the risk of movement dislodging the catheter. The hand or the antecubital fossa are preferred sites for IV insertion in infants.

Choice C reason: While it is important to cover the IV insertion site, an opaque dressing is not necessary. A transparent dressing is preferred as it allows for continuous visibility of the site for signs of infection or phlebitis.

Choice D reason: The IV site should not be routinely changed every 3 days. It should be changed based on clinical indications such as signs of infection, infiltration, or phlebitis, or if the IV becomes dislodged.