A nurse is assessing the cognitive development of a preschooler. The nurse should expect the child to be in which of the following phases?
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Preoperational
Sensorimotor
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: The concrete operational phase typically begins around age 7 and is characterized by the development of logical thought about concrete events. This phase is not typical for preschoolers, who are usually between the ages of 3 and 5.
Choice B reason: The formal operational phase usually starts at age 11 or older. It involves abstract thinking and the ability to systematically plan for the future, which is beyond the cognitive abilities of a preschooler.
Choice C reason: The preoperational phase occurs from ages 2 to 7. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic.
Choice D reason: The sensorimotor phase is from birth to about age 2. During this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions, such as looking and touching. Preschoolers have typically moved beyond this phase.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Producing tears when crying is not typically a sign of severe dehydration. In fact, the ability to produce tears may suggest that the infant is not severely dehydrated.
Choice B reason: A sunken anterior fontanel is a classic sign of severe dehydration in infants. The fontanel, which is the soft spot on the top of a baby's head, can appear sunken when there is significant fluid loss.
Choice C reason: While weight loss can be a sign of dehydration, a 5% weight loss alone does not necessarily indicate severe dehydration. Other clinical signs should also be considered.
Choice D reason: A capillary refill time of 3 seconds is at the upper limit of normal. Prolonged capillary refill time can be a sign of dehydration, but it is not as specific as a sunken anterior fontanel for severe dehydration.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice Areason: An upper respiratory infection 2 days ago, if the child is currently well, is not a contraindication for the MMR vaccine. Vaccines can be given to children with a minor illness.
Choice Breason: A temperature of 37.2° C (99°F) is a mild elevation and is not a contraindication for receiving the MMR vaccine. Vaccination can proceed if the child is only mildly ill.
Choice C reason: A family history of seizures is not a contraindication for the MMR vaccine. While there is a small risk of febrile seizures, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.
Choice D reason: An allergy to neomycin is a contraindication for the MMR vaccine because neomycin is used in the vaccine production process. Children with a known severe allergic reaction to neomycin should not receive the vaccine.
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