A nurse is caring for a school-age child who is experiencing pain. Which of the following assessment techniques will provide the nurse with the most accurate information regarding the child's pain?

Choice A reason: Assessing the child's pulse and respirations can indicate pain through physiological changes, but these signs can be influenced by other factors and may not provide an accurate measure of pain intensity.

Choice B reason: Observing the child's facial expressions can give some indication of pain, but it is subjective and may not accurately reflect the child's pain experience, especially if the child is trying to hide their discomfort.

Choice C reason: Asking the child to use a FACES rating scale allows the child to actively participate in communicating their pain level. This method is age-appropriate and provides a visual way for children to express the intensity of their pain, making it a reliable assessment technique.

Choice D reason: Monitoring the child's involuntary movements can provide clues about pain, but like facial expressions, they are subjective and may not accurately quantify the child's pain level.

Choice Areason: Decreased urine output is not directly related to ventriculoperitoneal shunt displacement. It may indicate other issues such as dehydration or kidney problems.

Choice Breason: Increased sleeping is not a specific indicator of shunt displacement. While it may be a concern if there are significant changes in the child's sleep patterns, it is not a definitive sign of this complication.Choice C reason: Hyperactive bowel sounds are not associated with shunt displacement. They may indicate gastrointestinal issues but are not relevant to the function of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

Choice D reason: An elevated temperature can be an indicator of shunt displacement, as it may suggest an infection or other complications related to the shunt. Parents should be aware of this sign and seek medical attention if it occurs.