A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about the interlocking principles of shared governance. Which of the following principles should the nurse include? (select all that apply)

Choice A reason: The prodromal stage is the period between the exposure to the infectious agent and the onset of specific symptoms. During this stage, the person may experience mild and nonspecific signs of infection, such as fatigue or lowgrade fever. The client in the question has already developed specific symptoms of infection, such as sneezing, productive cough, and fever, which indicate that they have passed the prodromal stage.

Choice B reason: The period of convalescence is the stage of recovery after the infection. During this stage, the person's symptoms gradually subside, and their immune system eliminates the infectious agent from the body. The client in the question is still experiencing symptoms of infection, which suggest that they have not reached the period of convalescence yet.

Choice C reason: The acute illness stage is the peak of the infection, when the person exhibits the most severe and specific symptoms of the disease. During this stage, the person's immune system fights against the infectious agent, and the outcome of the infection is determined. The client in the question is likely in the acute illness stage, as they have been experiencing symptoms of infection for 4 days, and their condition has worsened over time.

Choice D reason: The incubation stage is the time between the entry of the infectious agent into the body and the appearance of the first symptoms of infection. During this stage, the person does not feel ill, but the infectious agent is multiplying in the body. The client in the question has already developed symptoms of infection, which indicate that they have left the incubation stage.

Choice A reason: Preventing opioid use is not a benefit of de-escalation techniques. Opioid use is a complex issue that involves biological, psychological, and social factors, and cannot be prevented by simply deescalating emotional situations. De-escalation techniques may help to calm or soothe someone who is experiencing pain or distress, but they do not address the underlying causes or consequences of opioid use.

Choice B reason: Increasing communication is not a benefit of de-escalation techniques, but a means or a strategy to achieve de-escalation. Communication is an essential skill that helps to deescalate emotional situations by listening, validating, empathizing, and problem solving with the other person. Communication can also help to prevent or reduce conflicts, misunderstandings, and aggression. However, communication is not an outcome or a result of de-escalation, but a process or a tool to facilitate de-escalation.

Choice C reason: Decreasing hallucinations is not a benefit of de-escalation techniques. Hallucinations are perceptual disturbances that involve seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, or tasting things that are not there. Hallucinations can be caused by various factors, such as mental disorders, neurological conditions, substance use, or medication side effects. De-escalation techniques may help to manage or cope with hallucinations, but they do not treat or eliminate them.

Choice D reason: Reducing restraint use is a benefit of de-escalation techniques. Restraint use is a practice that involves restricting the movement or behavior of a person who poses a risk of harm to themselves or others. Restraint use can have negative effects on the physical and psychological wellbeing of the person, such as injuries, infections, agitation, and trauma. De-escalation techniques can help to avoid or minimize the need for restraint use by resolving or calming emotional situations in a safe and respectful manner.