A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about medically futile treatment. The nurse should include which of the following as an example of medically futile treatment?

Choice A reason: This statement is true and should be included in the educational session. SDOH are the nonmedical factors that influence health outcomes, such as income, education, housing, food security, social inclusion, and access to health services. SDOH can affect a person's physical, mental, and social wellbeing, as well as their risk of developing certain diseases.

Choice B reason: This statement is false and should not be included in the educational session. SDOH are not determined by an individual’s ethnic background, but rather by the broader social, economic, and political context in which they live. However, ethnic background can influence how a person experiences SDOH, as some ethnic groups may face discrimination, racism, and marginalization that affect their access to resources and opportunities.

Choice C reason: This statement is false and should not be included in the educational session. Identifying SDOH does not increase disparities in health care, but rather helps to address them. Disparities in health care are the differences in the quality and accessibility of health services among different populations⁵. Identifying SDOH can help to understand the root causes of these disparities, and to design interventions that target the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.

Choice D reason: This statement is false and should not be included in the educational session. SDOH do not include psychological factors, but rather affect them. Psychological factors are the individual characteristics and behaviors that influence a person's mental health and wellbeing, such as personality, coping skills, self-esteem, and stress management. SDOH can influence psychological factors by creating stressful or supportive environments, and by facilitating or hindering access to mental health services.

Choice A: This is the correct answer. An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a client's medical history and other health information that can be accessed by authorized providers and the client. A personal health record (PHR) is a subset of an EHR that allows the client to view and manage their own health information, such as medications, allergies, test results, and appointments. A PHR can enhance the client's satisfaction, engagement, and empowerment in their health care.
Choice B: This is incorrect. Provides providers client information to track for research studies is not a benefit of an electronic health record, but a potential use of it. EHRs can facilitate health research by providing large and diverse data sets that can be analyzed for various purposes, such as clinical trials, epidemiology, and quality improvement. However, this use of EHRs must comply with ethical and legal standards, such as informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality.
Choice C: This is incorrect. Grants significant other access to client information is not a benefit of an electronic health record, but a matter of the client's preference and consent. EHRs must protect the client's privacy and confidentiality rights, and only disclose their information to authorized parties, such as health care providers, insurers, or public health agencies. The client can choose to share their information with their significant other or anyone else, but they must give explicit permission to do so.
Choice D: This is incorrect. Coordinates all healthcare client has received into one platform is not a benefit of an electronic health record, but a goal of it. EHRs aim to improve the coordination and continuity of care by allowing multiple providers to access and update the same information, enabling real-time collaboration, and providing decision support tools. However, this goal is not fully achieved yet, as there are still challenges and barriers to the interoperability and integration of EHRs across different settings and systems.