A nurse is assessing an older adult client who has sarcopenia.

The nurse knows that this condition is characterized by which of the following?

Loss of bone mass and strength

Loss of muscle mass and strength

Loss of joint flexibility and range of motion.

Loss of skin elasticity and moisture.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

The correct answer is B.

Loss of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia is a condition that affects older adults and causes a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. This can lead to an increased risk of falls, fractures, disability, and mortality.

Choice A is wrong because the loss of bone mass and strength is called osteoporosis, not sarcopenia. Osteoporosis is a condition that affects the density and quality of bones, making them more prone to fracture.

Choice C is wrong because loss of joint flexibility and range of motion is called arthritis, not sarcopenia.

Arthritis is a term that refers to inflammation of the joints, which can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility.

Choice D is wrong because loss of skin elasticity and moisture is called skin aging, not sarcopenia.

Skin aging is a process that involves changes in the structure and function of the skin, such as wrinkles, sagging, dryness, and decreased wound healing.

Normal ranges for muscle mass and strength vary depending on age, sex, body size, and physical activity level. However, some general indicators of sarcopenia include:.

• A muscle mass index (muscle mass divided by height squared) below 7.26 kg/m2 for men and 5.45 kg/m2 for women.

• A handgrip strength below 30 kg for men and 20 kg for women.

• A gait speed below 0.8 m/s for both sexes.

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Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

The correct answer isA, D, and E.

Here is why:.

A. Elevated white blood cell count.

This is a sign of infection and inflammation in the body, which can be caused by a UTI.An elevated white blood cell count can also indicate a complication of UTI such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) or sepsis (blood infection).

D. Altered mental status.

This is a common symptom of UTI in older adults, especially those with dementia or other cognitive impairments.UTIs can cause confusion, agitation, delirium, or behavioral changes in the elderly due to the effects of infection and inflammation on the brain.

E. Positive urine culture.

This is the definitive test to diagnose a UTI, as it identifies the type and number of bacteria present in the urine.A positive urine culture confirms the presence of a UTI and guides the appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

The other choices are wrong because:.

•.

B. Decreased serum creatinine level.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Serum creatinine is a measure of kidney function, and it usually increases when the kidneys are damaged or impaired.A decreased serum creatinine level may indicate other conditions such as liver disease, muscle wasting, or malnutrition.

•.

C. Increased urine specific gravity.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Urine specific gravity is a measure of urine concentration, and it usually increases when the body is dehydrated or has high levels of solutes in the urine.An increased urine specific gravity may indicate other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart failure, or dehydration.

Normal ranges for some of these tests are:.

• White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood.

• Serum creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men and 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women.

• Urine specific gravity: 1.005 to 1.030.

A. Follow up with the primary care provider regularly. B. Avoid alcohol and tobacco use C. Take over-the-counter sleeping pills as needed. D. Engage in physical and mental activities daily. E. Wear glasses and hearing aids if prescribed.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]

Explanation

The correct answer isA, B and D.

Here is why:.

• Following up with the primary care provider regularly can help detect and treat any medical conditions that may cause or contribute to delirium, such as infections, electrolyte imbalances, or medication side effects.

• Avoiding alcohol and tobacco use can prevent delirium caused by intoxication or withdrawal, as well as improve overall health and cognitive function.

• Engaging in physical and mental activities daily can help maintain brain health, prevent cognitive decline, and reduce stress and boredom that may trigger delirium.

Choice C is wrong because taking over-the-counter sleeping pills as needed can increase the risk of delirium, especially in older adults.Sleeping pills can cause confusion, drowsiness, memory impairment, and falls that may lead to delirium.Instead of sleeping pills, it is better to have good sleep habits such as uninterrupted sleep, avoiding caffeine and naps, and having a regular bedtime routine.

Choice E is wrong because wearing glasses and hearing aids if prescribed can help prevent delirium, not cause it.Sensory impairment such as poor vision and hearing can make a person more prone to delirium, as they may feel disoriented, isolated, or misunderstood.Wearing glasses and hearing aids can help improve communication, orientation, and awareness of surroundings.

Delirium is a serious change in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness of one’s surroundings.It usually comes on fast and can be caused by various factors such as fever, infection, surgery, medication, or emotional distress.

Delirium can often be prevented.

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A nurse is assessing an older adult client who has sarcopenia. The nurse knows that this condition is characterized by which of the following?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Explanation

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A nurse is assessing an older adult client who has sarcopenia.

The nurse knows that this condition is characterized by which of the following?