A nurse in a provider's office is reviewing data from a client's medical record.
Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Choice A rationale

Applying suction while inserting the catheter is incorrect and can cause tissue damage and hypoxia. Suction should only be applied while withdrawing the catheter to prevent injury to the tracheal mucosa.

Choice B rationale

Applying intermittent suction for up to 30 seconds is excessive and can cause hypoxia and trauma to the trachea. The correct duration for intermittent suctioning is 10-15 seconds per pass to minimize these risks.

Choice C rationale

Preoxygenating the client prior to suctioning helps prevent hypoxia by ensuring the client has adequate oxygen reserves during the procedure. This is a standard practice to enhance patient safety during suctioning.

Choice D rationale

Instructing the client to swallow during catheter insertion is inappropriate and can lead to gagging or aspiration. The client should be relaxed and still during insertion to prevent complications.

Choice A rationale

A small amount of liquid stool draining from the stoma is expected during the early postoperative period following colostomy placement. This indicates that the stoma is functioning and passing waste as intended.

Choice B rationale

The stoma protruding slightly from the abdomen, known as stoma protrusion or eversion, is a common and normal finding. It indicates that the stoma is correctly positioned and healing properly.

Choice C rationale

A dark-colored stoma is a concerning sign that indicates compromised blood flow to the stoma tissue, potentially leading to necrosis. This requires immediate medical attention to address the underlying cause and prevent further complications.

Choice D rationale

Light bleeding from the stoma when touched is normal in the immediate postoperative period. The stoma tissue is highly vascular, and minor bleeding is expected as it heals and forms new tissue connections.