A kidney transplant recipient stops immunosuppressive therapy three years after his surgery. Shortly after stopping therapy, he demonstrated clinical manifestations of kidney failure. Which type of reaction does this represent?
Cushing's syndrome
Hypersensitivity reaction Type I
Chronic graft versus host rejection
Acute host versus graft rejection
The Correct Answer is D
A. Cushing's Syndrome: This is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is not related to kidney transplant or immunosuppressive therapy.
B. Hypersensitivity Reaction Type I: Also known as an immediate hypersensitivity reaction or an allergy, this type of reaction involves the immune system's exaggerated response to an allergen. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and occur quickly after exposure to the allergen. While allergies can cause various symptoms, they do not specifically represent rejection of a transplanted organ.
C. Chronic Graft Versus Host Rejection: This term is commonly associated with bone marrow or stem cell transplants. It occurs when immune cells from the donated tissue recognize the recipient's body as foreign and attack various organs or tissues. This process typically happens over a more extended period and is not directly related to the scenario described.
D. Acute Host Versus Graft Rejection: This occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and launches an immune response against it. It can happen shortly after transplantation if the recipient's immune system is not adequately suppressed. In this case, stopping immunosuppressive therapy can trigger acute rejection, leading to the failure of the transplanted organ.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Macrophage: This is the correct answer. An activated monocyte is also known as a macrophage. Monocytes are white blood cells that can mature into macrophages when they move into tissues. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune system by phagocytosing (engulfing and digesting) pathogens and cellular debris.
B. Lymphocyte: Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system. They include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Lymphocytes are primarily involved in adaptive immune responses, such as antibody production (B cells) and cell-mediated immune responses (T cells).
C. Plasma Cell: Plasma cells are a type of B cell that produces antibodies (immunoglobulins). They are involved in the adaptive immune response, specifically in the production of antibodies that target specific pathogens.
D. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte: This term typically refers to a group of white blood cells that have a multi-lobed nucleus. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. They are involved in innate immune responses, including the phagocytosis of pathogens.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Neutrophils: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infections, particularly bacterial infections. They are not primarily involved in eliminating cancer cells.
B. Eosinophils: Eosinophils are another type of white blood cell. They are important in the immune response to parasites and are also involved in allergic reactions. While they have a role in the immune system, they are not the primary cells involved in eliminating cancer cells.
C. Platelets: Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are not cells but rather small cell fragments. They are essential for blood clotting and do not directly participate in the immune response against cancer cells.
D. Macrophages: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the immune system's defense against cancer. They are phagocytes, which means they engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, and cancer cells. Macrophages play a crucial role in the body's immune surveillance and response against cancer.
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