A kidney transplant recipient stops immunosuppressive therapy three years after his surgery. Shortly after stopping therapy, he demonstrated clinical manifestations of kidney failure. Which type of reaction does this represent?
Cushing's syndrome
Hypersensitivity reaction Type I
Chronic graft versus host rejection
Acute host versus graft rejection
The Correct Answer is D
A. Cushing's Syndrome: This is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is not related to kidney transplant or immunosuppressive therapy.
B. Hypersensitivity Reaction Type I: Also known as an immediate hypersensitivity reaction or an allergy, this type of reaction involves the immune system's exaggerated response to an allergen. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and occur quickly after exposure to the allergen. While allergies can cause various symptoms, they do not specifically represent rejection of a transplanted organ.
C. Chronic Graft Versus Host Rejection: This term is commonly associated with bone marrow or stem cell transplants. It occurs when immune cells from the donated tissue recognize the recipient's body as foreign and attack various organs or tissues. This process typically happens over a more extended period and is not directly related to the scenario described.
D. Acute Host Versus Graft Rejection: This occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and launches an immune response against it. It can happen shortly after transplantation if the recipient's immune system is not adequately suppressed. In this case, stopping immunosuppressive therapy can trigger acute rejection, leading to the failure of the transplanted organ.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Seizures: Some antibiotics, especially cephalosporins, can lower the seizure threshold, increasing the risk of seizures, especially in individuals prone to seizures or those with a history of epilepsy.
B. Nephrotoxicity: Both cephalosporins and aminoglycosides have the potential to harm the kidneys. When used together, their nephrotoxic effects can be additive, increasing the risk of kidney problems in patients.
C. Hearing Loss: Aminoglycosides, a class of antibiotics that includes drugs like gentamicin, are well-known for their potential to cause hearing loss, especially when used in high doses or for prolonged periods. This effect is due to their toxic impact on the hair cells in the inner ear.
D. Hepatotoxicity: Hepatotoxicity refers to liver damage caused by medications. Some antibiotics, including certain cephalosporins, can have hepatotoxic effects, potentially harming the liver. Monitoring liver function is important when these drugs are used.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction: This type of hypersensitivity reaction, also known as Type IV hypersensitivity, involves a delayed response by the immune system and is mediated by T cells. It does not necessarily involve a failure of self-tolerance.
B. Antibody-mediated reaction: This type of hypersensitivity reaction, also known as Type II hypersensitivity, involves antibodies targeting specific antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction. It doesn't directly indicate a failure of self-tolerance but rather an immune response against specific cells or tissues.
C. Autoimmune reaction: In autoimmune reactions, the immune system fails to recognize certain body tissues or substances as "self," leading to an immune response against the body's own cells or tissues. This results from a breakdown in self-tolerance, where the immune system mistakenly targets its own body.
D. Immediate hypersensitivity reaction: This type of hypersensitivity reaction, also known as Type I hypersensitivity, involves an immediate response by the immune system to an allergen. It includes conditions like allergies and anaphylaxis, where the immune system reacts strongly to substances that are normally harmless. This response does not necessarily indicate a failure of self-tolerance but rather an exaggerated response to specific antigens.
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