A client is prescribed alpha-blockers as part of the management of renal calculi. The nurse explains that these medications can help with stone passage by:

A. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is typically used for smaller stones that can be broken up into smaller fragments and passed more easily. It is not usually recommended for large stones.

B. This is the correct answer. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a procedure used to remove larger kidney stones. It involves making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to directly visualize and remove the stone.

C. Ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy is used for stones in the ureter, not in the kidney itself.

D. Cystoscopy with stent placement is used for conditions involving the lower urinary tract, such as the urethra and bladder, and is not typically used to remove kidney stones.

A. This statement is not correct. Adequate fluid intake is essential to help prevent kidney stones. Restricting fluid intake can increase the concentration of minerals in the urine and promote stone formation.

B. This statement is not correct. While calcium oxalate stones are common, reducing calcium intake is not recommended for most people. In fact, a low-calcium diet may increase the risk of other types of kidney stones.

C. This statement is not correct. Fruits and vegetables contain valuable nutrients and should not be avoided. However, some fruits and vegetables are high in oxalate, which may contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. The key is to consume a balanced diet and drink plenty of fluids.

D. This is the correct answer. Adequate fluid intake is crucial in preventing kidney stones. It helps dilute the urine and reduce the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.