You are admitting a client from a long-term care facility with a new diagnosis of Hepatitis A. He has a history of a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) that has left him incontinent of both urine and stool. Which of the following is the most appropriate level of precautions?

Choice A reason: Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). While MS is not directly inherited, certain genetic markers can increase susceptibility. Studies have shown that individuals with a first-degree relative with MS have a higher risk compared to the general population.

Choice B reason: Environmental factors, such as low vitamin D levels, smoking, and possibly viral infections, are believed to contribute to the risk of developing MS. Geographic location, particularly living further from the equator, has also been associated with a higher incidence of MS, which may be related to sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis.

Choice C reason: While upper respiratory infections can trigger exacerbations in individuals with existing MS, they are not identified as a direct contributing factor to the development of the disease itself.

Choice D reason: MS is considered an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the central nervous system. This immune-mediated process targets the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation and characteristic lesions.

Choice E reason: Urinary tract infections are a common complication in individuals with MS due to bladder dysfunction, but they are not a contributing factor to the development of MS.

Choice A reason: Cluster headaches are one of the main types of primary headaches, characterized by severe, unilateral pain around the eye.

Choice B reason: Tension-type headaches are the most common type of primary headache, often described as a constant pressure or tightness.
Choice C reason: Migraine headaches are a major type of headache characterized by intense, throbbing pain, often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light or sound.
Choice D reason: Stress-induced headaches are not typically classified as a primary type of functional headache; they may be a trigger for other types of headaches.