Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?

Receiver, feedback, flow, and expression

Sender, receiver, flow, and message

Message, sender, feedback, and gesture

Feedback, sender, receiver, and message

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Flow and expression are not standard communication model elements. Communication involves sender, receiver, message, and feedback, with neural processing in the cortex enabling understanding. This option omits message, critical for transmitting meaning, making it scientifically incomplete for the communication process.

Choice B reason: Flow is not a recognized component of communication models. Sender, receiver, message, and feedback facilitate information exchange, with neural pathways like the auditory cortex processing signals. Omitting feedback, essential for verifying understanding, renders this option inaccurate for describing communication dynamics.

Choice C reason: Gesture is a channel, not a core element. The communication model includes sender, receiver, message, and feedback, processed via sensory and cognitive neural networks. Excluding the receiver, critical for decoding messages, makes this option incomplete and incorrect for the model’s structure.

Choice D reason: Sender, receiver, message, and feedback are core elements of communication. The sender encodes the message, the receiver decodes it via cortical processing, and feedback confirms understanding. This model reflects neurobiological communication processes, making it the accurate description of the communication framework.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Sullivan’s interpersonal theory emphasizes therapeutic relationships and social environments to foster mental health. The therapeutic milieu, structured to promote safety and interaction, aligns with Sullivan’s focus on interpersonal dynamics, reducing symptoms like anxiety through supportive settings, which stabilize neurotransmitter imbalances, enhancing patient recovery on psychiatric units.

Choice B reason: Sullivan’s theory does not focus on age-appropriate versus arrested behaviors. It emphasizes interpersonal relationships, not developmental stages. Assessment tools for behavior typically rely on other frameworks, like Erikson’s, which address developmental milestones, not Sullivan’s interpersonal model, making this option scientifically inaccurate for the theory’s application.

Choice C reason: Restraint and seclusion are not part of Sullivan’s theory, which promotes therapeutic relationships to reduce anxiety, not coercive measures. These interventions contradict Sullivan’s focus on supportive environments, as they may exacerbate stress and neurotransmitter dysregulation, such as increased cortisol, worsening mental health outcomes in psychiatric settings.

Choice D reason: The nursing process is a general framework, not specific to Sullivan’s theory. Sullivan’s interpersonal model focuses on relationships to alleviate symptoms, not on sequencing nursing actions. While the nursing process guides care, it is not derived from Sullivan’s principles, making this option unrelated to his theoretical application.

A. The client should not stop this medication abruptly to avoid discontinuation syndrome B. The client may experience frequent constipation and should increase their intake of dietary fiber C. This medication takes 4-6 months to be effective, the client should be told to be patient D. This medication can cause addiction, so the client should not take more than prescribed

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Abruptly stopping fluoxetine, an SSRI, disrupts serotonin levels, causing discontinuation syndrome with symptoms like dizziness and irritability due to rapid neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain. Gradual tapering stabilizes serotonin, preventing withdrawal, making this critical teaching for safe medication management in anxiety treatment.

Choice B reason: Constipation is not a common side effect of fluoxetine, which primarily causes nausea or diarrhea via serotonin modulation. Anticholinergic drugs, not SSRIs, typically cause constipation. This teaching is inaccurate, as fluoxetine’s side effect profile does not emphasize gastrointestinal slowing, making it incorrect.

Choice C reason: Fluoxetine takes 4-8 weeks, not months, to reach efficacy by increasing serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Overstating the timeline discourages adherence, as patients expect faster relief from anxiety symptoms, making this teaching point scientifically inaccurate and misleading.

Choice D reason: Fluoxetine is not addictive, as it lacks the reinforcing GABA effects of benzodiazepines. It modulates serotonin for anxiety without dependence risk. This teaching is incorrect, as it misrepresents fluoxetine’s pharmacological profile, potentially causing unnecessary fear about its safe use in treatment.

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Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nursing student says, “Little of what takes place on the behavioral health unit seems to be theory-based.” A nurse educates the student by identifying which is a common use of Sullivan’s theory on the inpatient psychiatric unit?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

After a client has been prescribed fluoxetine (Prozac) for a diagnosis of anxiety disorder, which of the following information should the nurse be sure to include in the client teaching?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse works with a patient to establish goals/outcomes. The nurse believes that one outcome suggested by the patient is not in the patient’s best interest. What is the nurse’s best action?

A patient is taking a first-generation antipsychotic medication. What should the nurse teach about the drug’s strong dopaminergic effect?

How can the mental health nurse best advocate for individuals with mental illness and prevent stigmatization?

A patient with paranoia states, “The state is monitoring us through the listening devices hidden in this room. Be careful what you say.” Which response by the nurse would be most therapeutic?

A nurse explains to a nursing student how the therapeutic relationship differs from a social relationship. What is the best explanation for the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient?

A patient presents with anxiety, increased heart rate, and fear. The nurse suspects the activation of which neurotransmitter?

How does a psychiatric nurse best implement the ethical principle of autonomy?