Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?

Receiver, feedback, flow, and expression

Sender, receiver, flow, and message

Message, sender, feedback, and gesture

Feedback, sender, receiver, and message

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Flow and expression are not standard communication model elements. Communication involves sender, receiver, message, and feedback, with neural processing in the cortex enabling understanding. This option omits message, critical for transmitting meaning, making it scientifically incomplete for the communication process.

Choice B reason: Flow is not a recognized component of communication models. Sender, receiver, message, and feedback facilitate information exchange, with neural pathways like the auditory cortex processing signals. Omitting feedback, essential for verifying understanding, renders this option inaccurate for describing communication dynamics.

Choice C reason: Gesture is a channel, not a core element. The communication model includes sender, receiver, message, and feedback, processed via sensory and cognitive neural networks. Excluding the receiver, critical for decoding messages, makes this option incomplete and incorrect for the model’s structure.

Choice D reason: Sender, receiver, message, and feedback are core elements of communication. The sender encodes the message, the receiver decodes it via cortical processing, and feedback confirms understanding. This model reflects neurobiological communication processes, making it the accurate description of the communication framework.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Serotonin modulates mood and anxiety but is not primarily linked to schizophrenia’s core symptoms. While serotonin imbalances contribute to depression, schizophrenia’s hallucinations and delusions stem from dopamine hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway, making serotonin an incorrect choice for this disorder’s pathophysiology.

Choice B reason: GABA inhibits neural activity, and its dysfunction is linked to anxiety or seizures, not schizophrenia’s positive symptoms. Schizophrenia involves dopamine excess in the mesolimbic pathway, not GABA deficits. GABA’s role is secondary, making it an inaccurate choice for explaining hallucinations and delusions.

Choice C reason: Dopamine hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway causes hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior in schizophrenia. Excess dopamine signaling disrupts cognitive and perceptual processes, leading to positive symptoms. Antipsychotics target D2 receptors to reduce these effects, confirming dopamine’s central role in schizophrenia’s pathophysiology.

Choice D reason: Acetylcholine is involved in memory and attention, not schizophrenia’s core symptoms. While cholinergic deficits occur in dementia, schizophrenia’s hallucinations and delusions are driven by dopamine dysregulation, not acetylcholine. This makes acetylcholine an incorrect choice for the neurotransmitter associated with these symptoms.

A. Paroxetine (Paxil) B. Imipramine (Tofranil) C. Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) D. Alprazolam (Xanax)

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Paroxetine, an SSRI, is first-line for GAD, enhancing serotonin in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, reducing excessive worry. Its efficacy and tolerability, with minimal dependence risk, align with evidence-based guidelines for long-term anxiety management, making it the preferred choice.

Choice B reason: Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, affects serotonin and norepinephrine but has significant anticholinergic side effects, reducing tolerability. It is not first-line for GAD due to slower onset and side effect profile compared to SSRIs, which better target anxiety’s neurobiological basis.

Choice C reason: Hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, reduces anxiety via histamine receptor blockade, causing sedation. It is used as needed, not for chronic GAD management. SSRIs, like paroxetine, offer sustained serotonin modulation, making hydroxyzine a less effective, non-first-line option for long-term treatment.

Choice D reason: Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, enhances GABA activity, providing rapid anxiety relief but carries high dependence risk. It is not first-line for GAD, as SSRIs offer safer, long-term serotonin-based treatment, making alprazolam unsuitable for chronic management due to addiction potential.

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Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior seen in schizophrenia?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which medication would be considered a first-line medication therapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?

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