Which neurotransmitter has both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes?

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Serotonin acts on 5-HT receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic subtypes. It modulates mood and behavior but lacks the receptor diversity of acetylcholine. Serotonin’s receptors are G-protein-coupled or ligand-gated, unrelated to muscarinic or nicotinic mechanisms, making it incorrect for this neurotransmitter classification.

Choice B reason: Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic (G-protein-coupled) and nicotinic (ligand-gated) receptors. Muscarinic receptors regulate parasympathetic functions like heart rate, while nicotinic receptors mediate muscle contraction and CNS signaling. This dual receptor system is unique to acetylcholine, making it the correct neurotransmitter for this question.

Choice C reason: Dopamine acts on D1 and D2 receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic subtypes. It regulates reward and motor functions but lacks the cholinergic receptor classifications. Dopamine’s receptors are G-protein-coupled, not ligand-gated like nicotinic, making it an incorrect choice for this neurotransmitter property.

Choice D reason: GABA binds to GABA-A (ligand-gated) and GABA-B (G-protein-coupled) receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic. It inhibits neural activity, unrelated to cholinergic systems. GABA’s receptors mediate inhibitory signaling, not the excitatory or parasympathetic functions of muscarinic/nicotinic receptors, rendering it incorrect for this question.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Denying problems reflects resistance, typical in the orientation phase, where trust is not yet established. Anger management, linked to amygdala-driven impulsivity, requires a therapeutic alliance. This statement indicates avoidance, not readiness for the working phase’s collaborative problem-solving.

Choice B reason: Questioning therapy’s value shows skepticism, common in the orientation phase. The working phase involves active goal-setting, like managing anger tied to serotonin dysregulation. This statement reflects a lack of engagement, not the transition to collaborative therapeutic work, making it incorrect.

Choice C reason: Expressing a goal to manage anger indicates readiness for the working phase, where collaborative problem-solving occurs. Anger, linked to amygdala hyperactivity and serotonin deficits, requires active intervention. This statement shows commitment to addressing neurobiological issues, marking the transition to the working phase.

Choice D reason: Difficulty discussing problems reflects orientation phase challenges, where trust is building. The working phase involves active engagement, like addressing anger’s neurobiological basis. This statement indicates discomfort, not readiness for collaborative work, making it incorrect for the phase transition.

A. Epidemiology predicts when a specific psychiatric client will recover from a specific mental disorder B. Epidemiology provides a thorough theoretical explanation of why specific mental disorders occur C. Epidemiology helps explain research findings about the neurophysiology that causes mental disorders D. Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease distribution and determinants of health within populations

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Predicting individual recovery is not epidemiology’s role. Recovery from disorders like depression depends on neurobiological factors (e.g., serotonin reuptake) and treatment adherence, not population-level trends. Epidemiology focuses on group patterns, not individual outcomes, making this option scientifically inaccurate for understanding mental disorder impact.

Choice B reason: Epidemiology does not provide theoretical explanations for disorder causes. Etiologies of mental illnesses, such as genetic mutations or dopamine imbalances in schizophrenia, are studied through neurobiology and genetics. Epidemiology quantifies disease prevalence and risk factors, not underlying mechanisms, making this option misaligned with its scientific purpose.

Choice C reason: Explaining neurophysiological causes is outside epidemiology’s scope. Neurophysiology, like altered GABA activity in anxiety, is studied via neuroimaging or biochemical assays. Epidemiology identifies disease patterns and risk factors across populations, not causal mechanisms, rendering this option incorrect for describing its role in mental health.

Choice D reason: Epidemiology studies disease distribution and determinants, such as prevalence of depression or risk factors like socioeconomic stress, which influence neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., serotonin). By analyzing population data, it informs public health strategies, identifies at-risk groups, and guides interventions, making it critical for understanding mental disorder impact scientifically.

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Which neurotransmitter has both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which remark by a patient indicates passage from the orientation phase to the working phase of a nurse-patient relationship?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

What best explains the importance of epidemiology in understanding the impact of mental disorders?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A client is prescribed a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The nurse would identify that which of the following will be prescribed?

Planning for patients diagnosed with mental illness is facilitated by understanding that inpatient hospitalization is generally reserved for a patient presenting with what characteristic?

A patient is undergoing diagnostic tests. The patient says, “Nothing is wrong with me except a stubborn chest cold.” The spouse reports that the patient smokes, coughs daily, has recently lost 15 pounds, and is easily fatigued. Which defense mechanism is the patient using?

A nurse explains to a nursing student how the therapeutic relationship differs from a social relationship. What is the best explanation for the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient?

A patient reports experiencing performance anxiety in front of an audience. The nurse should be aware that this type of anxiety is often treated with which medication?

How does a psychiatric nurse best implement the ethical principle of autonomy?

On the basis of current knowledge of neurotransmitter effects, a nurse anticipates that the treatment plan for a patient with memory difficulties may include medications designed to do what?

“I’m concerned whether we are behaving ethically by restraining one patient to prevent them from self-mutilating while placing another patient on one-on-one supervision to prevent them from self-mutilating.” Which ethical principle most clearly applies to this situation?