Which of the following are common manifestations of heart failure in infants? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Cool extremities and decreased urine output

Bradycardia and hypotension

Increased appetite and excessive weight gain

Poor feeding and weight gain

Tachypnea and respiratory distress

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D,E

A. Decreased cardiac output in heart failure can lead to poor perfusion of the extremities, resulting in cool skin and decreased urine output due to reduced renal perfusion and impaired kidney function.

D. Poor feeding is often observed due to increased respiratory effort, tachypnea, and fatigue associated with heart failure. Additionally, infants may exhibit failure to thrive or inadequate weight gain despite increased caloric intake due to metabolic demands and inefficient utilization of nutrients.

E. Tachypnea and respiratory distress occur due to pulmonary congestion and increased respiratory effort in response to heart failure. Infants may exhibit signs such as nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, and cyanosis.

B. Bradycardia and hypotension are not typical manifestations of heart failure in infants. Instead, infants with heart failure often present with tachycardia (rapid heart rate) as a compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output. Hypotension may occur in severe cases but is not a common finding.

C. Increased appetite and excessive weight gain are not typical manifestations of heart failure in infants. Infants with heart failure often experience poor feeding and failure to thrive due to inadequate cardiac output and oxygen delivery to meet metabolic demands.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

C. The Eustachian tube in infants is shorter, straighter, and wider compared to adults. This anatomy makes it easier for bacteria or viruses from the nasopharynx to travel up the Eustachian tube and infect the middle ear, contributing to the increased susceptibility to otitis media.

A. Infants spend a significant amount of time lying down, whether in a supine (on their backs) or prone (on their stomachs) position. However, this does not increase the risk of otitis media

B. Sucking on a nipple does create pressure changes in the middle ear but it's not the primary reason infants are more susceptible to otitis media.

D. Sucking on a nipple does create pressure changes in the middle ear but it's not the primary reason infants are more susceptible to otitis media

A. The presence of protein in the urine B. Signs of increased intracranial pressure C. Signs of hyperglycemia D. Signs of a bacterial infection

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. Reye's syndrome is characterized by swelling of the brain (cerebral edema), which can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Monitoring for signs of increased ICP, such as changes in level of consciousness, headache, vomiting, and altered pupil size and reactivity, is crucial for early detection and intervention to prevent neurological deterioration.

A. Reye's syndrome primarily affects the liver and brain, leading to liver dysfunction and encephalopathy. While renal involvement can occur in some cases, the priority complication typically relates to liver dysfunction and neurological manifestations rather than renal impairment.

C. Hyperglycemia may be present due to liver dysfunction and altered glucose metabolism, but it is not the primary concern compared to neurological complications and hepatic failure.

D. Reye's syndrome is not caused by a bacterial infection; it is typically associated with viral illnesses, particularly influenza and varicella (chickenpox).

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Which of the following are common manifestations of heart failure in infants? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A parent comments that her infant has had several ear infections in the past few months. Why are infants more susceptible to otitis media?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse reviews the plan of care for a child with Reye's syndrome. The nurse plans to monitor for which priority complication of this syndrome?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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