Which maternal condition always necessitates delivery by cesarean section?

Choice A) Spending extra time holding and rocking the infant is correct because this is an effective and recommended nursing care for an infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a condition that occurs when an infant is exposed to drugs such as opioids, cocaine, or alcohol in utero and goes through withdrawal after birth. NAS can cause various physical and behavioral problems in the infant, such as irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever, or seizures. Holding and rocking the infant can provide comfort, warmth, and security to the infant, as well as reduce stress and pain. It can also promote bonding and attachment between the infant and the caregiver. Therefore, this nursing care should be included in the care plan for an infant with NAS.

Choice B) Feeding the infant on a 2-hour schedule is incorrect because this is not a helpful or appropriate nursing care for an infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Feeding is an important aspect of caring for any infant, as it provides nutrients and calories that support growth and development. However, feeding an infant with NAS on a 2- hour schedule may not be suitable or feasible, as NAS can affect the infant's feeding ability and tolerance. An infant with NAS may have difficulty sucking, swallowing, or coordinating breathing during feeding. They may also have frequent vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration that can interfere with feeding. Therefore, feeding an infant with NAS should be done according to their cues and needs, rather than a fixed schedule. The infant should be offered small, frequent feedings of breast milk or formula, depending on the mother's preference and availability. The infant should also be burped often and held upright after feeding to prevent aspiration or reflux.

Choice C) Positioning the infant's crib in a quiet corner of the nursery is incorrect because this is not a sufficient or optimal nursing care for an infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Positioning is an important aspect of caring for any infant, as it affects their comfort, safety, and development. However, positioning an infant with NAS in a quiet corner of the nursery may not be enough or beneficial, as NAS can make the infant more sensitive and responsive to environmental stimuli. An infant with NAS may be easily disturbed or overstimulated by noise, light, or movement in the nursery. They may also feel isolated or neglected if they are placed away from other infants or caregivers.

Therefore, positioning an infant with NAS should be done in a way that minimizes stimulation and maximizes interaction. The crib should be placed in a dimly lit, low noise area of the nursery, but close enough to allow frequent monitoring and contact by the nurse. The crib should also be padded with soft blankets or pillows to prevent injury from excessive movements or seizures.

Choice D) Placing stuffed animals and mobiles in the crib to provide visual stimulation is incorrect because this is not a safe or suitable nursing care for an infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Stimulation is an important aspect of caring for any infant, as it enhances their learning and development. However, stimulating an infant with NAS with stuffed animals and mobiles may not be appropriate or advisable, as NAS can make the infant more irritable and restless. An infant with NAS may not enjoy or tolerate visual stimulation from toys or objects in their crib. They may also become agitated or overexcited by them, which can worsen their symptoms or cause complications. Moreover, placing stuffed animals and mobiles in the crib can pose a risk of suffocation, strangulation, or injury for the infant. Therefore, stimulating an infant with NAS should be done in a way that is gentle and gradual. The nurse should use soothing techniques such as talking softly, singing lullabies, or massaging the infant's skin to calm them down. The nurse should also use simple toys such as rattles or balls to engage them in play when they are alert and interested.

Choice a) Document the event in the nurses' notes is incorrect because this is not a priority action for a neonate who is showing signs of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is a condition where the blood glucose level is lower than normal, which can cause neurological and metabolic problems in newborns. Neonates of diabetic mothers are at higher risk of developing hypoglycemia due to increased insulin production and decreased glycogen stores.

Documenting the event in the nurses' notes is an important step, but it should be done after assessing and treating the neonate's condition.

Choice b) Test for blood glucose level is correct because this is the most important action for a neonate who is exhibiting symptoms of hypoglycemia. The nurse should use a heel stick or a cord blood sample to measure the blood glucose level of the neonate as soon as possible, as hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications such as seizures, coma, brain damage, or death if left untreated. The normal blood glucose range for a full-term neonate is 40 to 60 mg/dL in the first hour of life, and 50 to 90 mg/dL thereafter. A blood glucose level below 40 mg/dL indicates hypoglycemia and requires immediate intervention.

Choice c) Notify the clinician stat is incorrect because this is not the most urgent action for a neonate who is suffering from hypoglycemia. The nurse should notify the clinician after confirming the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and initiating treatment, such as feeding or administering intravenous glucose. The clinician may order further tests or treatments depending on the severity and cause of the hypoglycemia, but the nurse should not delay the initial management of the neonate's condition.

Choice d) Start an intravenous line with D5W is incorrect because this is not the first-line treatment for a neonate who has hypoglycemia. D5W stands for dextrose 5% in water, which is a solution that contains glucose and water. It can be used to treat hypoglycemia by providing a source of energy and fluid to the neonate. However, before starting an intravenous line with D5W, the nurse should first attempt to feed the neonate with breast milk or formula, as this can also raise the blood glucose level and provide other nutrients and antibodies. If feeding is unsuccessful or contraindicated, then the nurse should start an intravenous line with D5W as ordered by the clinician.