Which drugs act on the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates blood pressure by controlling heart rate, cardiac output, vascular tone, and renin release?
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Direct acting vasodilators
Adrenergic drugs.
The Correct Answer is E
Adrenergic drugs. These are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking or enhancing the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, the chemical messengers that activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic drugs can increase blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, vascular tone, and renin release by acting on different types of adrenergic receptors.
Choice A is wrong because beta blockers are drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking the beta adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Beta blockers can lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac workload.
Choice B is wrong because calcium channel blockers are drugs that inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells, which are found in blood vessels and the heart. Calcium channel blockers can relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, as well as reduce heart rate and contractility.
Choice C is wrong because angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are drugs that block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
ARBs can lower blood pressure by dilating blood
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clots from forming or growing larger. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. The INR (international normalized ratio) is a measure of how long it takes the blood to clot.The therapeutic range for INR depends on the indication for warfarin therapy, but for atrial fibrillation, it is usually between 2 and 3. An INR level of 3.5 is above the therapeutic range, which means the blood is too thin and the patient is at risk of bleeding. The nurse should hold the warfarin dose and notify the physician, who may order vitamin K to reverse the effects of warfarin.
Choice A) Administer vitamin K as ordered by physician is wrong because vitamin K is not indicated unless the physician orders it based on the patient’s condition and INR level.
Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin overdose and can reverse its anticoagulant effects.
However, administering vitamin K without a physician’s order may cause the INR to drop below the therapeutic range and increase the risk of clotting.
Choice B) Administer heparin as ordered by physician is wrong because heparin is another anticoagulant that works by activating antithrombin, a natural inhibitor of clotting factors.
Heparin is used for acute treatment of thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
It is not indicated for atrial fibrillation unless there is evidence of acute thrombosis.
Administering heparin to a patient with an elevated INR would increase the risk of bleeding.
Choice C) Administer warfarin as ordered by physician is wrong because warfarin is the cause of the elevated INR and should be withheld until the INR returns to the therapeutic range.
Continuing to administer warfarin would further increase the INR and the risk of bleeding.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]
Explanation
Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that lowers blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels and reducing the workload of the heart.
The following instructions should be included in the teaching:
• Avoid drinking alcohol while taking this medication.Alcohol can increase the risk of side effects such as dizziness, flushing, headache, and low blood pressure.
• Monitor your blood pressure and pulse regularly.This will help to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication and detect any abnormal changes.Normal blood pressure for adults is less than 130/80 mm Hg and normal pulse rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute.
• Report any swelling in your ankles or feet to your provider.This can be a sign of fluid retention or heart failure, which are possible complications of nifedipine.
• Do not stop taking this medication abruptly.This can cause a rebound increase in blood pressure and chest pain.The dose should be tapered gradually under the supervision of the provider.
Choice E is wrong because chewing or crushing the sustained-release tablet can cause too much of the drug to be released at once, which can lead to overdose or severe side effects.
The tablet should be swallowed whole with a glass of water.
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