What is the most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain in acutely ill patients?

The nurse should anticipate administering 0.9% sodium chloride solution and regular insulin infusion to a client with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Choice A is wrong because 0.45% sodium chloride solution is a hypotonic fluid that can cause cerebral edema in DKA patients.

Choice C is wrong because 5% dextrose in water solution can increase blood glucose levels and worsen hyperglycemia in DKA patients.

Choice D is wrong because lactated Ringer’s solution contains lactate, which can be converted to bicarbonate and cause metabolic alkalosis in DKA patients.

Normal ranges for blood glucose, pH, bicarbonate, and ketones are as follows3: Blood glucose: 70-130 mg/dL before meals, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals pH: 7.35-7.45

Bicarbonate: 22-26 mEq/L Ketones: negative or trace

Oral potassium supplements can cause stomach irritation or laxative effect if taken without enough fluid or food.

Taking the medication with food or a full glass of water can help prevent these side effects and improve absorption.

Choice B is wrong because taking the medication on an empty stomach with a sip of water can increase the risk of stomach irritation or laxative effect and reduce absorption.

Choice C is wrong because taking the medication with milk or antacids can interfere with the absorption of potassium and cause hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels).

Choice D is wrong because taking the medication with grapefruit juice can also interfere with the absorption of potassium and cause hyperkalemia.

Grapefruit juice can also interact with some medications that affect potassium levels, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and potassium- sparing diuretics.