What is the most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain in acutely ill patients?

Protein intake can increase the excretion of calcium and oxalate in the urine, which can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones. The client should limit animal protein sources, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.

Choice A is wrong because purine-rich foods, such as organ meats, shellfish, and beer, can increase the production of uric acid, which can cause uric acid stones.

Choice B is wrong because a low-calcium diet can increase the absorption of oxalate in the intestine, which can increase the risk of calcium oxalate stones.

The client should consume a moderate amount of calcium from dietary sources, such as milk, cheese, yogurt, and green leafy vegetables.

Choice C is wrong because potassium-rich foods, such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and tomatoes, can help prevent calcium oxalate stones by increasing the urinary pH and citrate levels.

The client should consume adequate amounts of potassium from dietary sources.

This is because hemodialysis removes excess fluid and waste products from the blood, but it also removes some electrolytes, such as potassium.

Potassium is important for nerve and muscle function, especially the heart.

If potassium levels are too high or too low, it can cause irregular heartbeat or cardiac arrest.

Choice B is wrong because hypokalemia means low potassium levels, which is unlikely in renal failure unless there is excessive potassium loss from diarrhea, vomiting or diuretics.

Choice C is wrong because hyponatremia means low sodium levels, which can occur in renal failure due to fluid retention, but it is not directly related to hemodialysis.

Choice D is wrong because hypernatremia means high sodium levels, which can occur in renal failure due to reduced urine output, but it is also not directly related to hemodialysis.

Normal ranges for electrolytes are: Potassium: 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L

Sodium: 135 to 145 mmol/L

Calcium: 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL

Chloride: 96 to 106 mmol/L

Magnesium: 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL

Phosphate: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

Bicarbonate: 22 to 29 mmol/L