What age group has the highest rates of STD infection?

Choice A reason: Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system are not a common complication of GDM, as they usually occur in the first trimester, before GDM develops. However, GDM can increase the risk of other congenital anomalies, such as cardiac defects or neural tube defects.

Choice B reason: Preterm birth is a possible complication of GDM, as it can be caused by maternal hypertension, preeclampsia, or placental abruption. However, it is not the most likely complication, as GDM can also delay the onset of labor and prolong the pregnancy.

Choice C reason: Low birth weight is not a typical complication of GDM, as it is more associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which is caused by placental insufficiency. GDM can cause the opposite problem, which is excessive fetal growth.

Choice D reason: Macrosomia is the most common complication of GDM, as it is defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 grams (8.8 pounds). It is caused by the excess glucose crossing the placenta and stimulating the fetal insulin production, which leads to increased fat deposition and organ enlargement. Macrosomia can increase the risk of birth trauma, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia.

Choice A reason: Chlamydia is not the least common of all the major sexually transmitted diseases. In fact, it is the most common bacterial STD in the world, affecting about 131 million people each year. ¹ Therefore, this statement is false and does not need to be emphasized.

Choice B reason: Good handwashing technique is not the best way to prevent chlamydial infections. Chlamydia is spread through sexual contact, not through casual contact or hygiene. The best way to prevent chlamydial infections is to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, limiting the number of partners, and getting tested regularly. Therefore, this statement is misleading and does not need to be emphasized.

Choice C reason: Most people infected with chlamydia are unaware that they are infected. This is because chlamydia often has no symptoms, or the symptoms are mild and easily ignored. This can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of HIV. Therefore, this statement is true and needs to be emphasized.

Choice D reason: Burning and pain with urination is a frequent symptom of chlamydial infections. However, this symptom is not specific to chlamydia, as it can also occur with other STDs or urinary tract infections. Moreover, not all people with chlamydia experience this symptom, especially women. Therefore, this statement is not very informative and does not need to be emphasized.