To prevent the spread of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, the nurse is especially careful when:

A. Imaging tests are likely to reveal scarring and deformation of the renal calices and pelvis: These findings are more typical of chronic pyelonephritis, which results from repeated or persistent kidney infections. Acute pyelonephritis usually presents with more subtle imaging changes.

B. Most cases of acute pyelonephritis are attributable to poorly controlled hypertension: While hypertension can complicate kidney disease, it is not a common cause of acute pyelonephritis. Most cases are due to ascending urinary tract infections, particularly from organisms like E. coli.

C. Flank pain, dysuria and nausea and vomiting are likely assessment findings: These are hallmark symptoms of acute pyelonephritis. Flank pain results from inflammation of the renal capsule, while dysuria and systemic symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and fever indicate infection.

D. The infection in the kidney is most likely a manifestation of a systemic infection: Acute pyelonephritis is typically caused by local ascending infections from the lower urinary tract, not systemic bacteremia. Though it can lead to systemic illness if not treated, its origin is usually localized.

A. Renal agenesis: failure of an organ (renal) to develop: Renal agenesis is the complete absence of one or both kidneys due to failure of development during fetal life. Bilateral agenesis is often fatal, while unilateral agenesis can be asymptomatic if the remaining kidney functions well.

B. Renal hypoplasia: failure of kidney to develop to normal size and contains fewer renal lobes: In renal hypoplasia, the kidney is structurally normal but smaller than average and contains fewer nephrons or lobes. This congenital condition may be unilateral and asymptomatic or bilateral and lead to renal insufficiency.

C. Renal dysgenesis: failure of an organ (kidney) to develop normally: Renal dysgenesis refers to abnormal development of the kidney structure, resulting in malformations that can impair function. It often involves malformed or nonfunctional renal tissue.

D. Renal dysgenesis: failure of an organ (kidney) to develop: This description better defines renal agenesis rather than dysgenesis, which implies abnormal rather than absent development.