The nurse has noted the high incidence of urinary tract obstructions of a variety of etiologies. Which individuals are at risk of developing urinary obstructions? (Select all that apply).
A 69 year old female with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoietin production
A 70 year old male with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
A 58 year old male with renal calculi
A 29 year old female, pregnant for the first time
Correct Answer : B,C,D,E
A. A 69-year-old female with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoietin production: While anemia can occur due to chronic kidney disease, it does not directly cause urinary tract obstruction. The lack of erythropoietin affects red blood cell production, not urine flow.
B. A 70-year-old male with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): BPH is a common cause of urinary obstruction in older men. The enlarged prostate compresses the urethra, leading to impaired urine outflow and increased risk of urinary retention.
C. A 58-year-old male with renal calculi: Kidney stones are a frequent cause of urinary tract obstruction. They can block the flow of urine in the ureters, renal pelvis, or bladder, leading to pain, hydronephrosis, and infection risk.
D. A 29-year-old female, pregnant for the first time: Pregnancy can cause urinary obstruction due to the enlarged uterus compressing the ureters, especially in the second and third trimesters, resulting in reduced urine flow and potential hydronephrosis.
E. A 28-year-old male with a neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury: Neurogenic bladder disrupts normal bladder function and control, which can lead to urinary retention and obstruction due to poor coordination of bladder muscle and sphincter activity.
F. A 43-year-old male with an acid-base imbalance secondary to malnutrition: While malnutrition can affect many organ systems, acid-base imbalance by itself is not a direct cause of urinary tract obstruction.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]
Explanation
A. Clinical manifestations: hematuria (urine is smoky, brown tinged): Hematuria is a hallmark sign of acute glomerulonephritis. The smoky or cola-colored urine results from red blood cells leaking through the damaged glomeruli, often seen in post-infectious cases.
B. Clinical manifestations: oliguria: Decreased urine output is common due to impaired glomerular filtration. Oliguria reflects reduced kidney function, which contributes to fluid retention, hypertension, and accumulation of waste products.
C. Treatment: Antibiotics, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, anticoagulants: Depending on the cause and severity, treatment may include antibiotics for infection, corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents for inflammation, and anticoagulants if there's risk of thrombosis due to nephrotic syndrome features.
D. Treatment: Prescription dose ibuprofen: NSAIDs like ibuprofen are generally avoided in glomerulonephritis because they can reduce renal perfusion and worsen kidney injury, especially in patients already experiencing compromised kidney function.
E. Clinical manifestations: Proteinuria that exceeds 3–5g/day with albumin: This level of proteinuria is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome, not acute glomerulonephritis. While proteinuria may be present, it is typically moderate and not in the nephrotic range.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Exercise soon after eating to increase gastric emptying: Physical activity immediately after meals may actually worsen reflux symptoms by increasing intra-abdominal pressure and promoting acid reflux.
B. Try these proton-pump inhibitors for 2 weeks: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a first-line treatment for GERD. They reduce gastric acid production, promoting symptom relief and esophageal healing.
C. You need to schedule an upper GI endoscopy soon: Endoscopy is not immediately necessary unless there are alarm symptoms like dysphagia, weight loss, or bleeding. Initial management focuses on medication and lifestyle changes.
D. Over-the-counter antiemetics work well for this condition: Antiemetics are not effective in treating the underlying cause of GERD, which is acid reflux, not nausea or vomiting. They would not effectively treat the heartburn or esophageal inflammation associated with GERD.
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