You are planning the care for a client for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI). What should you prioritize in the client's plan of care? (Select all that apply)

Optimizing pain

Protecting from falls

Monitoring electrolyte levels

Assessing fluid balance

Promoting infection control

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : C,D,E

A. Optimizing pain: While pain management is important in any patient care plan, acute kidney injury typically does not cause significant pain unless associated with another condition such as obstruction or infection. It is not a primary focus unless the patient reports discomfort requiring intervention.

B. Protecting from falls: Fall prevention is a general safety measure but is not a specific priority related to AKI management unless the patient has associated risks like altered mental status, weakness, or dialysis-related hypotension. It is not a primary priority in early AKI care planning.

C. Monitoring electrolyte levels: AKI commonly leads to imbalances in potassium, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus due to impaired renal clearance. Hyperkalemia in particular poses serious cardiac risks, making electrolyte monitoring a top priority to prevent complications such as arrhythmias.

D. Assessing fluid balance: AKI affects the kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve fluid, resulting in potential fluid overload or dehydration. Accurate intake and output tracking, daily weights, and edema assessment are essential to guide treatment and prevent respiratory or cardiovascular compromise.

E. Promoting infection control: Infection is both a potential cause and a complication of AKI, especially in hospitalized or catheterized patients. Maintaining strict aseptic technique, monitoring for signs of infection, and preventing sepsis are critical components of AKI management.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

A. Renal agenesis: failure of an organ (renal) to develop: Renal agenesis is the complete absence of one or both kidneys due to failure of development during fetal life. Bilateral agenesis is often fatal, while unilateral agenesis can be asymptomatic if the remaining kidney functions well.

B. Renal hypoplasia: failure of kidney to develop to normal size and contains fewer renal lobes: In renal hypoplasia, the kidney is structurally normal but smaller than average and contains fewer nephrons or lobes. This congenital condition may be unilateral and asymptomatic or bilateral and lead to renal insufficiency.

C. Renal dysgenesis: failure of an organ (kidney) to develop normally: Renal dysgenesis refers to abnormal development of the kidney structure, resulting in malformations that can impair function. It often involves malformed or nonfunctional renal tissue.

D. Renal dysgenesis: failure of an organ (kidney) to develop: This description better defines renal agenesis rather than dysgenesis, which implies abnormal rather than absent development.

A. May be idopathic B. Peripheral precocious puberty is independent of gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland C. Central precocious puberty is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis D. It is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys E. Tall stature during childhood is a common feature, but final adult height may be shorter than expected without treatment

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. May be idiopathic: In many cases, especially central precocious puberty, no identifiable underlying cause is found. This is referred to as idiopathic precocious puberty and is a common diagnosis, particularly in girls.

B. Peripheral precocious puberty is independent of gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland: Peripheral (or gonadotropin-independent) precocious puberty occurs due to hormone secretion from sources other than the pituitary, such as adrenal tumors or ovarian cysts.

C. Central precocious puberty is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis: This is the most common form and involves early activation of the normal puberty pathway via the HPG axis.

D. It is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys: This is the widely accepted medical definition of precocious puberty based on chronological age for the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

E. Tall stature during childhood is a common feature, but final adult height may be shorter than expected without treatment: Early growth spurts can lead to early closure of growth plates, resulting in reduced adult height if untreated.

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You are planning the care for a client for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI). What should you prioritize in the client's plan of care? (Select all that apply)

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